Do They Hear You When You Cry By Kassindja & Bashir
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This 3 page paper discusses Kassindja and Bashir's book, Do They Hear You When You Cry, the true account of Kassindja's plight to escape Female genital mutilation in Togo, Africa. The writer's thesis is that strangers will come forward to help an individual who is experiencing injustice and brutality. The writer also reports how this case changed refugee laws in the U.S. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGdothy.rtf

East African vs. West African Slave Trade
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6 pages in length. This paper is a research project on the difference between the East African slave trade and that of the West African Slave trade. The slave trade that took place across the Indian Ocean is to a certain extent a misnomer, because it tends to combine two historically and geographically different and distinct trades; the only thing they shared was that of the body of water they crossed. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAafslv.wps

EBONICS AND EFFECTIVENESS
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This paper examines the essay "Ebonics: A Serious Analysis of African American Speech Patterns" and determines if Ebonics is, in actuality, its own unique language as the essay contends. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MTebonic.rtf

Economic Effects of U.S. Cotton Subsidies
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A 3 page paper discussing the effects that U.S. cotton subsidies have on the world cotton market, and particularly how the subsidies affect the law of supply and demand as well as the cotton producers in West African nations. The EU has agreed to end its high subsidies and now calls on the US government to do the same. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSeconCott.rtf

Economy Of Nigeria
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An 11 page paper that begins by reporting the current government does not really have an economic policy. The essay then reports the history, demographics and type of government, economic history from slavery forward, and a discussion of oil and its effects on politics, the economy and the people. The essay ends with a brief analysis using Porter's competitive advantage for nations model. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PGngeri.RTF

ECOWAS AND ECOMOG
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6 pages in length. A sixteen-member assemblage whose estimated population is more than two hundred sixteen million people, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was created in May of 1975 as a means by which to address peacekeeping in the subregion. The extent to which ECOWAS was unprecedented in many ways is illustrated by the enthusiasm it ignited to such a degree that no fewer than two heads of state formally supported adoption and subsequent ratification of the treaty by attending the Summit, the latter of which was realized in a record short period of time by all sixteen countries. Inextricably connected with ECOWAS, the Monitoring Group ECOMOG represents the components of a land, air and sea military faction established by ECOWAS as a means by which to address security problems that arose subsequent to the 1990 Republic of Liberia state structural collapse. Successful in its objective, the force re-established Liberian state structure to a functional mode. Another issue in which its involvement has been critical is that of reinstating democratic order and bringing an end to the savage civil war in the Republic of Sierra Leone, a process that began in the year 2000. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLC_ECOWAS.rtf

EDUCATION FOR PREVENTION OF THE SPREAD OF AIDS IN NIGERIA: LITERARY REVIEW AND COMMENTARY
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This 11-page paper discusses the potential of implementing an AIDS awareness education plan in Nigeria. This focuses on a literature review about AIDS in Nigeria, leading to the idea that the right educational program might be effective in preventing the spread of AIDS. Bibliography lists 18 sources.
Filename: MTaidnig.rtf

Education In South Africa
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A Study of Resilient Schools; This 10 page paper is based on a case study provided by a student. It looks at the way in which schools in South Africa have been seen to succeed in very difficult circumstances due to a range of factors which make the school resilient to its' environment and enable it to succeed where others have failed. The paper considers these findings as well as the recommendations that accompanied the report.
Filename: TEsouafr.wps

Effects of Climate and Geography on African Migratory Patterns
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A 10 page paper discussing how Africa's climate and geography affected early migration patterns and the effects still apparent today. Africa's climate and geography have held great influence over the migration patterns of both indigenous peoples and "invading" forces from the Arab and Western worlds. The influence of each persists in the form of cultural and religious divisions today, with Islam and other Arab influence being prevalent in the north; strong European influence in South Africa; and continuing strife between indigenous peoples in the interior semiarid steppe. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSAfrMigra.wps

Effects Of Globalization
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A 4 page paper that begins with comments from the globalization index. The writer briefly comments on the effects of globalization on Burma, Ethiopia and Haiti and suggests the real effects on the U.S. are still debatable. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGgl4un.RTF

Elephants, Rhinos, Kobs, Leopards And Buffalo: Communication In African Culture
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5 pages in length. While not art in the conventional sense, ancient African artifacts depict the cultural progression of its people by virtue of animal-infused masks, figures, tribal dances and trinkets that symbolized what they wanted to convey. The extent to which the buffalo (bravery and strength), leopard (authority), elephant (power and kingship, wisdom and patience), kob (abundant wildlife) and rhinoceros (leadership) reflect the five animal figures used most predominantly throughout the vast array of African culture is both grand and far-reaching; that these symbolic images were instrumental in expressing both basic and complex forms of communication speaks to the critical importance these figurative portrayals had in aiding man's need to share information. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCAfrCulAnim.rtf

Emecheta/2nd Class Citizen
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A 10 page research paper that, first of all, analyzes a novel by Bushi Emecheta's novel entitled Second-Class Citizen, which was first published in 1974, and concerns the life of a Nigerian woman of the Igbo tribe. Emecheta's protagonist, Adah Obi, is pictured from childhood through early adulthood, with Emecheta charting her personal development within the Nigerian cultural framework. In this manner, Emecheta addresses not only the way that Nigerian custom relegates women to second-class citizenship, but also how this problem is compounded when her family moves to England. Examination of the novel shows that it accurately represents the real-life experiences of African women in regards to secondary status, culturally, politically, and racially. The writer proves this point by offering an extensive discussion of outside sources that discusses African women. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: kheme2nd.rtf

Ending Apartheid/Rise in Crime in So. Africa
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A 6 page research paper that examines the causes behind the upsurge in crime in South African since the ending of Apartheid. The factors under debate in South Africa regarding the crime rate concern what circumstances predicated this surge. Many whites blame the black majority governments of Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki. Others point to the lingering legacy of Apartheid policies. The writer concludes that the latter group is correct. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khcrinsa.wps

Environmental Challenges and Responses in Mozambique
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This is a 6 page paper discussing the environmental challenges and the government response in Mozambique. The civil war which erupted in Mozambique in 1975 was considered one of the main factors which led to the devastation of the environment within the country. Not only did the civil war have a direct impact on the wildlife in regards to food and revenue for the rebels but the war also led to a massive migration of farmers and communities from the agricultural hinterland to the coastal urban regions. This migration led to urban sprawl and consequently pollution and depletion of the fishing resources, coastal erosion and deforestation. In the land that was left behind, the agricultural crops were abandoned which led to increased desertification. In addition to the impact of the civil war, southern Mozambique had undergone a series of droughts and floods in the 1980s and early 1990s which further devastated the land. Fortunately, within the last seven years, the government of Mozambique with the assistance of international aid has established several initiatives which take into account the wildlife in the hinterland as well as the coastal regions, the reclamation of agricultural land through the clearing and cleaning of the irrigation systems, and spatial planning in the urban areas in which coastal erosion and deforestation is addressed in urban development among many other programs. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: TJMozam1.rtf

Epics of Africa: 5 pages in length
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This model paper discusses two books, Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali, by D. T. Niane as well as Kemet, Afrocentricity and Knowledge, by Molefi Kete Asante. Both books give an interesting insight to the beliefs and culture of Africa, as well as serve to introduce the reader to a side of Africa they may never have envisioned before. By making the reader aware that other cultures have the same myths, beliefs, goals and problems help give these other cultures real faces, and populate them with real people, rather than just text in a geography book. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: JGAomali.wps

Ethical Principles in “Tears of the Giraffe”
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A 5 page paper discussing this novel by Alexander Smith in terms of principles of ethics in general, but specifically those involving health care. The bottom-line message is that there are certain basic rights that individuals should be able to expect in their lives, but that are not always made available to them. When injustice occurs, the individual is to rise above it, condemning the unjust not with words or revenge, but with acts of kindness and understanding. The individual is to break the chain. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KShlthCarEthGir.rtf

Ethiopia
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9 pages in length. The reason for choosing Ethiopia as a focus for agricultural economics is because there exists an inherent presence for failure when the people are either provided with imported food or given the opportunity to grow their own supplies. The extent to which this dichotomy continues to exist in spite of extraordinary measures makes this country particularly interesting to examine; as well, the tens of thousands – and even millions – of Ethiopians who have and continue to die due to agriculturally related issues renders this a topic about which everyone should care. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TLCEthio.rtf

Ethiopia: History And Religion
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Ethiopia is a country with a history of diverse religious cultures. This 7 page paper explores briefly the history of Ethiopia and focuses on the political and religious aspects of the country. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KTethpia.wps

Ethiopia: History, Politics and Challenges
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This 6 page paper discusses Ethiopia's history, it politics and political parties and some of the challenges it faces. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVEthopa.rtf

Ethiopian Women: The Adverse Impacts of Culture and Economics
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A 15 page discussion of the many hardships faced by Ethiopian women as a result of their culture and the harsh economic realities of life in Ethiopia. Not only are these women oppressed by the lack of livable wage work in their home regions, they often live in abusive homes and even when they escape those homes they find little viable employment in the cities. Many women, in fact, are forced into the industry of prostitution. This paper explores the options available to Ethiopia’s women and suggests that the recent advent of women’s groups is a step in the right direction but that in order to changed the lives of these women we must address both Ethiopian culture and entrepreneurial options. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPwmEth2.rtf

Ethnic Slave Rebellions In The Caribbean & Bahia
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A 7 page comparative review of two journal articles on Colonial slavery in the Caribbean & Bahia, treatment of the enslaved, measures to combat slave resistance, ethic slave revolts, etc.; The writer is extremely informative, analytical, and pays great attention to detail. No Bibliography.
Filename: Slavarti.wps

Famine Theories
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This 3 page paper considers the aspect of famine and looks at the different theories that have sought to examine what starvation occurs and the way that it should be handled. The paper includes the theories of Malthus, Sen and de Waal. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEfamine.rtf

Famines in Africa
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This 4 page paper discusses the reasons given for the continuing famines in Africa, and what can be done about it. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: HVFamAfr

Fanon and the Colonized
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Frantz Fanon's perspectives on the colonization of the African continent and the views of both the colonized and the colonizer provides some important insight into the overall issue and European influences during the 19th and 20th centuries. Fanon created some distinct views from the perspective of the colonized, an effective way of representing a subjectified population struggling for identification in the midst of European influences. This 4 page paper provides an overview of the topic and relates it to the findings in the current literature. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MHColon7.rtf

Features of Postcolonial Literature
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A 7 page paper assessing the primary features of postcolonial literature, focusing on the Kenya and Morocco through the work of Ngugi wa Thiong’o and Fatima Mernissi. Both of these views of postcolonial literature provides readers with a basis for asking “what if” questions. Though the degrees to which each goes vary greatly, each maintains that foreign influence inexorably and irrevocably changed their cultures, providing the primary feature of postcolonial literature. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSlitPostcolony.rtf

Features of the Multiple Heritage of Africans
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This is a 7 page paper discussing the multiple heritage of Africans. Throughout Africa and countries where Africans live, the heritage of the African people has been influenced by a great many factors due to slavery, colonization, religion and aspects of the African continent itself. Africans for years relied on a religion and lifestyle which was based on the enormity and diversity of their continent and because it was surrounded by water were relatively well protected from outside influences. During the era of colonization however, a great many Western influences came into Africa affecting the land and the people. The Africans were enslaved by Westerners, the Arab world and in many cases, members of other tribes. The Arabs introduced the religion of Islam while the Europeans introduced the religion of Christianity which were both infused into the traditional African religions. Today, Africans have a multiple, or triple heredity based on these three influences and despite the conflict which also ensued by the introduction of other factors which followed with colonization and slavery, have been successful in adapting to this multiple heredity. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJrelsl1.rtf

Female Circumcision & Genital Mutilation
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Approximately 6 pages in length. Paper discusses issues concerning female circumcision/genital mutilation. Cultural reasons (draws heavily upon African culture) and medical/health effects are examined. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Femaleci.wps

Female Circumcision in Africa
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This 4 page paper examines seven articles about female circumcision, and traces patterns among them. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: HVFGMAfr.rtf

Female Traders in Zambia
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This 3 page paper discusses the lives of women traders in Lusaka, Zambia; why they come to the city; how they adjust to urban life; and why their "town born daughters" are considered "transitional personalities." Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: HVFemZam.rtf

Feminist Novels:
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This 4 page paper examines feminist literature such as "The Guide", "Maru", "Nervous Conditions", and "The Collector of Treasures" and discusses why these post-colonial stories are such ppowerful examples of feminist issues. This paper provides examples from these stories to illustrate the strength of the female characters and their refusal to be oppressed by a male dominated society. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: GSFemNov.rtf

Film Review
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A 2 page reaction essay to the movie "This Magnificent African Cake." Film depicted the hypocrisy of imperialistic conquest of Africa by European countries during the early 20th century. No bibliography.
Filename: Africake.wps

Flora Nwapa/One is Enough
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A 5 page analysis of Flora Nwapa's novel of Nigerian life One is Enough. The writer argues that the structure of this novel revolves around the journeys undertaken by the protagonist, Amaka, as being analogies for the journey of self-discovery, which is the overall purpose of the novel. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: 99stroie.wps

Foraging Societies in Modern Times
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A 6 page paper examining the nature of foraging, and comparing its economic structure to redistribution and market exchange. The paper uses the !Kung or Ju/’hoansi of Southwest Africa as the example of a modern foraging society. Bibliography lists 5 sources in 12 endnotes. AAA style.
Filename: KSforage.rtf

Foreign Direct Investment in Africa
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This 16 page paper examines FDI in Africa and obstacles to success. Globalization is discussed as problematic in general terms but when more specifics are provided on FDI it is learned that the situation is not quite so clear cut. The future of FDI is seen as positive as it respects Africa. Various aspects of Africa are discussed inclusive of the physical and political environment. The economy is discussed as well. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: SA423Afr.rtf

Foreign Direct Investment In South Africa
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A 3 page paper. Using a case study scenario provided by the student, this essay responds to three issues: the costs and benefits of FDI in South Africa, how companies can fairly consider opportunities and threats of investing in the region, and what policies South Africa should adopt to increase FDI. No Bibliography.
Filename: PGfdesa.rtf

French colonialism in Algeria
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A paper which considers a number of different perspectives on colonialism in Algeria, as expressed through the films Coup de Tourchon, Outremer, Indochine and Battle of Algiers. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JLalgier.rtf

French Revolution of 1789/Pivotal Point in History
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A 5 page research paper that argues the position that the French Revolution of 1789 was a pivotal point in history. In other words, everything that had occurred in recent world history led up to and influenced the coming of the French Revolution and then the Revolution influenced everything that came afterward. Examination of this topic shows that there is a great deal of validity to the position that the French Revolution was the most significant historical event of this era. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khfrrvp.rtf

From the States to Africa and Back Again
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A 9 page fictional rendition of the maturation of a young African American boy from impressionable youth to determined man. Emphasizes the influence his experiences in a ten year stay in South Africa had on his eventual direction as an adult back in the United States. Notes the importance of cultural memories and the ways those memories sometimes differ from reality. Concludes that the atrocities which exist in South Africa in many ways parallel those which exist in the States. No sources are listed.
Filename: PPafrFic.wps

Genocide
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A 6 page research paper that discusses genocide in general and, specifically, in regards to the Rwandan genocide, relating the discussion to the eight stages of genocide model formulated by Dr. Gregory Stanton. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: khgen8.rtf

Genocide in Rwanda:
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This 5 page paper discusses the horror of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. This paper eloborates on the issues surrounding the Genocide, how it happened, the effects, and the role of European colonialism and aid organizations. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: GSGenocd.rtf

Genocide Since World War II
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This 6 page paper defines genocide, describes the 8 steps of genocide, and then discusses the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: HVgenww2.rtf

Ghana & The Effects Of Decolonization
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A 10 page analysis of the historical colonization of Ghana, the effects of decolonization affecting the nation today, and how that history should and should not be applied to decolonization practices as proposed by modern-day philosophers. The paper discusses the problems being experienced by the lower classes and how the philosophers suggest changing that problem while relying on African strengths exhibited throughout history. Ghana, as the African nation leader for change, has much to offer from a historical and modern-day viewpoint. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Ghanad.wps

Global Implications of the Nursing Shortage
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A 4 page paper discussing difficulties in recruiting, long hours and growing work-related stress. These are not unique to nursing, but likely nursing is the profession that finds these characteristics most problematic. The nursing shortage has been reality for a long while in both the US and the UK. Nurses in developing countries have taken note, and the ongoing shortages in the nursing profession now have taken on global proportions. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSnursGlobShrtg.rtf

Global Justice & Women/Issue of FGM
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A 3 page research paper that addresses female genital mutilation (FGM) as an ongoing global justice issue pertaining to women. Throughout the globe, women are still discriminated against and are cast into the role of second-class citizens, but on a more basic level, women -- worldwide-- are routinely the victims of institutionally sanctioned violence. In other words, it is considered "normal" to beat women, use them as little more than beasts of burden and mutilate their bodies -- all in the name of male dominance and privilege. In examining this issue, the most compelling issue of global justice in regards to women concerns the most basic of human rights, the right to body integrity. In the name of "chastity" and "purity" -- and despite new laws and UN prohibitions -- the practice of female genital mutilation is still ongoing in numerous countries. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khfgm.rtf

GLOBAL RECESSION AND IMPACT ON NIGERIA
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This 3-page paper discusses the impact of the current global economic meltdown on Nigeria. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MTrecenige.rtf