The Application of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Level Theory and Erik Erikson’s Personality Stages Theory in Regards to the Character of Rachel in Barbara Kingsolver’s Novel “The Poisonwood Bible”
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This is a 7 page paper discussing Kohlberg and Erikson’s developmental stages as reflected in Rachel from “The Poisonwood Bible”. In Barbara Kingsolver’s 1999 novel “The Poisonwood Bible” the fifteen year old daughter, Rachel, reflects primarily Lawrence Kohlberg’s “conventional” level of moral reasoning and the progression from Erik Erikson’s “identity versus role confusion” (stage 5) to “intimacy versus isolation” (stage 6) levels of personality development. Rachel is considered the most self-absorbed of the characters within the novel and because of this her perspective remains primarily a selfish one and how her family’s environment and values impact her life and development. However, from Rachel, readers can also see a development in her awareness of her surroundings and although she remains still fairly self-absorbed she at least realizes how little impact her and her family and their Christian intentions have on the social and physical environment of the Congo showing a maturity of her moral and personal development. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TJLKohl1.rtf

The Ashanti
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A six page paper which looks at the history and tradition of the Ashanti, with particular reference to their current social, political and economic structure and the extent to which tribal customs have been retained in the modern day. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JLashanti.rtf

The Battle Against Malaria In Eastern Africa
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4 pages in length. Malaria is a severe problem in Eastern Africa that reflects "a major socio-economic challenge" (Anonymous, 2002, p. PG); however, the overwhelming impact of HIV/AIDS has been given most of the attention, leaving the issue of malaria treatment/prevention virtually neglected. If the problem received proper proactive attention, millions of lives could be saved and the situation could be easily ameliorated. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCMalrA.rtf

The Biafran War: An Examination of Cause
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A 5 page overview of the history of the Biafra War. This paper examines the underlying causes of the war, identifying those causes as being related to the problems instigated by European colonialism. The assertion is presented that it was this colonialism that impregnated the idea of ethnic difference. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPbiafra.rtf

The Cattle-Complex Society Of The Barabaig
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A 5 page essay on the part that cattle play in the society and culture of the Barabaig tribe of Tanzania. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Cattelco.wps

The Causes of Slow Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
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This 5 page paper considers the economic problems which have caused high levels of poverty in the sub Saharan Africa including countries such as Rwanda and Botswana. The causes of poverty such as natural disasters, debt and conflicts are considered with estimates on the amounts they have cost the countries involved. The MLA style bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEafrgnp.wps

The Civil and Political Reforms in Algeria (1870 - 1920)
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This 8 page paper looks at the history of Algeria between 1870 – 1920. The writer considers the influences and pressures for reform and the opposing sides in the cultural and colonial conflict. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEalgera.wps

The Civil War in Sudan
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This 6 page paper examines the civil war in Sudan and some of the economic, political and social issues surrounding it. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVSudnWr.rtf

The Consequences of Slavery on West and West-Central Africa
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This 5 page paper explores the effects of slavery as they pertain to economic, political and social ramifications. Colonial rule in the region is touched on. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: SA141slv.rtf

The Country of Kenya and the Family Structure
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This is a 6 page paper discussing the country of Kenya: its economy, politics, education and family structure. Kenya is one of the East African countries which still maintains the traditional African structure of the extended family which not only links families with similar blood lines but also families who have been joined by marriage. Kenya is a country which is plagued by political and economic strife and these factors are no doubt part of the reason Kenyan families have decided to decrease the number of children within their family structure. Although the traditional roles of the Kenyan family show that it appears to be a male dominated society, in actual fact husbands and wives have a high degree of communication and make joint decisions in regards to family situations and family planning. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJKenya1.rtf

The Cultural Dislocation of the African American Slaves
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This is a 5 page paper discussing the various ways in which African American slaves had to suffer from cultural dislocation. The African American slaves suffered a great deal from cultural dislocation from their native homeland in Africa for over two centuries. Cultural dislocation occurs not only from a physical separation from a landscape but also from the customs, religions, laws, family structures and identity which are intrinsically linked with that landscape. Within the African American slave community, personal identities which were linked with their tribal and family units were stripped away upon their arrival in America without being allowed to be reformed. While many slaves adapted to their new circumstances by customizing their community structure and their religion to that of their plantation and Christianity, the basic understanding of the status of a slave was also dislocated as slaves within Africa are allowed rights and often intermarried within the community. The basic condemnation of rights as humans and this division based on color was alien to the Africans and compounded the ability of the slaves to comprehend their situation within their new landscape. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: TJcultd1.rtf

The Culture and Operation of the Special Court in Sierra Leone
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The Sierra Leone Special Court is an Ad Hoc court set up to hear the cases of those most responsible the atrocities in the Sierra Leone civil war. The model used was unprecedented with the court set up under a treaty rather under a resolution mandated by Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. This has resulted in a court that has limited powers when compared to other similar tribunals set up by the United Nations, such as the International Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda (ICTR). The culture of the court reflects these limitations as well as the circumstances that led to its creations and the operational restraints. This 23 page paper considers the background, including the atrocities of the civil war and the failed peace agreements and then looks at issues such as the power and jurisdiction of the court to assess the culture and operations. The bibliography cites 12 sources.
Filename: TEsierraLecpct.rtf

The Culture of Marriage: Kikuyu and America
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A 5 page paper which compares and contrasts the polygamist marital system of the Kikuyu and the monogamous marital system of the United States. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: RAkikuy.rtf

The Decolonization of Algeria
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This 5 page paper describes Algeria's history and its eventual independence. The current state of the nation is noted but the focus of the paper concerns the ultimate success of the Fifth Republic and why the Fourth Republic was unable to resolve the situation. Both Mitterrand and deGualle are discussed in terms of leadership ability. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: SA16Alge.wps

The Development of Morocco
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A 10 page paper discussing the North Africa nation of Morocco and its program of development. The writer illustrates how Morocco is a model of a successful third world nation embarking on a partnership with the United States in behalf of its own progress. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Devmoroc.wps

The Development of Negritude
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This 10 page paper looks at the development of negritude including the contributions of people such as Aimé Césaire, Marcus Garvey, and Senghor. The paper argues that no culture is superior to any other and includes quotes from these people. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: TEnegrit.wps

The Digital Divide: Global Implications
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3 pages in length. Technology, in its infinite form, is certainly a much-needed element in the progress of humankind; without such perpetual improvement of existence, man would remain stagnant and eventually decline. However, as beneficial as technology is for many, it represents nothing but struggle and insulation for others caught up in the digital divide of an otherwise forward moving global environment. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCDigDiv.rtf

THE DIMENSIONS OF STATEHOOD: GHANA AND NIGERIA
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This 13 page paper discusses the transitional problems of emerging democracies, exampling Ghana and Nigeria as they struggle to maintain a democratic government. Examples are given, numerous experts cited, studies and surveys utilized. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: MBstatehood.rtf

The Durable Goods Market in Egypt
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This 5 page paper looks at the market for consumer durables good in Egypt, the size of the market, companies operating within the market and influences that may be relevant, such as legislation. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEduregy.wps

The Economic Development of Senegal
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This 4 page paper discusses Senegal’s economic development and how culture factors have impacted it. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVSeneEc.rtf

The Economics of Apartheid
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A 6 page discussion of South African apartheid, its beginning and its uprooting. Provides an emphasis of the advancement of blacks in the workplace through the unified front of black unions and statutory reform. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPapartE.wps

The Effect of the African National Congress
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This 5 page paper looks at the party's role in effecting social change. The continuance of poverty, despite new economic policy, is discussed. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA039SA.wps

The Effects of Colonization:
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This 4 page paper examines the impact of colonization as it is described in the following literature: "Anil's Ghost", "Maru", "Sozaboy", and "Heart of Redness". This paper seeks to highlight the often devestating impact of colonization upon local villages and communities. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: GSSozaby.rtf

The Effects of HIV/AIDS on Orphans in Sub-Saharan Africa
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This 21 page paper examines the direct and indirect effects that are suffered by orphans of HIV/AIDS victims. The paper starts by looking at what aids is and its prevalence in Sub-Sahara Africa along with the level of orphans it has created. The paper then considers the impact on the family and the children including health, wealth, education and family relationships. The paper ends by looking the policies in place to deal with the problems faced by the orphans. The bibliography cites 40 sources.
Filename: TEaidsafrica.rtf

The Establishment of an Effective Anti-corruption Authority in Africa
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This 60 page paper examines the continent of Africa. How corruption can be fought in the various countries with the implementation of a controlling authority is discussed. An organization is created to address the corruption in African countries. Methods of detecting and preventing corruption are looked at. An organization is created and for that organization administrative requirements are discussed, inclusive of staff recruitment and qualifications. How a director would be hired and what his role would be is a part of the paper. Additionally, how the organization would be managed and the role of the police are issues addressed. This is all included after an outline of how corruption has manifested in Africa over the years. Appendices provide an outline for the organization. Bibliography lists 17 sources.
Filename: SA522A.rtf

THE EXPANSION OF THE BANTU LANGUAGE
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This 4 page paper discusses the theories surrounding the expansion of the Bantu Language. Bibliography lists 0 sources.
Filename: MBbntu.rtf

The Floods in Madagascar
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This 5 page paper takes a look at the devastation severe weather had inflicted on Madagascar and Mozambique in the winter of 2000. With an emphasis on Madagascar, damage done and relief efforts are discussed. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: SA016fld.rtf

The Foods of Africa
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5 pages. The native foods of Africa are quite different from what we know here in America. Some people in Africa consider mice quite a delicacy; others harvest fruits and vegetables about which we have little knowledge in our country. This is an interesting paper and gives a detailed insight about the foods of different regions in Africa and how some of these foods are used in ceremonies and holidays. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JGAafrfd.rtf

The Gelede Spectacle
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A 2 page paper which examines “The Gelede Spectacle” as it relates to colony, republic, and empire. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: RAibogel.rtf

The Geopolitics of The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC)
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This 4 page paper looks at DROC, its history and current situation. The problems that persist in the region are discussed. Rwanda is highlighted. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA326DRC.rtf

The Geopolitics of Turkey
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An 8 page overview of the geographical, political, and cultural factors influencing Turkey. Addresses Turkey’s status in the modern world, particularly her relationship with the U.S. and France and the importance of her pipelines. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPtrkyPl.rtf

The History and Future of African Cinema
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A 12 page overview of African cinema. This paper notes that African cinema is the product of a number of factors, one of the most important of these being colonial influence. Africa has, in fact, been a land of triple heritage, a heritage which balances between African, French, and British values and there are still perceptible differences in cinematic preferences generations after the end of colonialism. It can be contended in fact that African film culture has been acutely inhibited by postcolonial social and economic condition. At the same time, however, contemporary African cinema is making its way into our modern world. The evolution of this cinema, although it maintains a distinctive African flavor, parallels that which is occurring in European countries and the U.S.
Filename: PPafrCin.rtf

The History of Colonial Rule in Africa:
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This 7 page paper discusses the history of colonial rule in Africa and the interactions of people whose interests were seriously at odds. Furthermore, this paper specifically discusses the Igbo tribe and the riots which ensued with this tribe. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: GSAfrcol.rtf

The History, Culture, and Governments of Africa: Timeline 1945 to Present
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This is a 5 page paper and timeline discussing the history of Africa from 1945 to present day. A timeline from 1945 to present day Africa shows a great deal of change which has occurred within the last fifty years throughout the continent. Since 1945, African countries have gained independence from their colonial countries, established democracies and are heavily involved in international trade and commerce. However throughout this time period, Africa has also been fraught with civil wars, drought, famine, poverty and increasingly poor health. Culturally, although the African countries gained their independence from their colonial countries, the influence of the French, British, Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish and Italian cultures are still felt across Africa and acknowledged. Today, African leaders are working with international agencies and corporations to increase their trade and economic status, establish new health and debt relief plans and improve international relations in addition to addressing the national and international exploitation of their people and natural resources. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJAfhis1.rtf

The Idea Of Social Change And The Role Globalization Plays In Changing A Culture
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5 pages in length. Social change is as much a part of man's existence as needing air to breathe and food to eat. The extent to which social change allows the human race to progress and improve is both grand and far-reaching; without the advancements inherent to social change -- not the least of which include medical and technological discoveries -- humanity would struggle to stay alive. However, just as necessary as social change is for mankind, it is not always approached in a way that is beneficial for all concerned. Clearly, the influence of globalization has been both a boon and a hindrance at the same time, with nations such as America reveling in its good fortune while others like Africa struggle from its detrimental impact. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCGlbCul.rtf

The Impact and Sustainability of People and the Environment in Morocco
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This is a 7 page paper discussing the impact the environment has on the activities of the people of Morocco and the impact the people have on the environment. The environment of Morocco has an immense impact on the activities of the people who live there. In order to compensate for different aspects of the environment the people of Morocco have learned to adapt and have tried to compensate for the impact of their environment while being able to maintain an ever increasing population. This interaction between the environment and the people who live within it is know as the area of sustainable development which essentially takes into account the needs of the current population while not compromising the needs of future generations. Morocco’s increasing population however, especially in the expanding urban areas will no doubt eventually have a larger influence on the environment than it will have on them. With the gradual introduction of more chemicals to sustain the crops and roads to increase the transportation needs of the country, it would seem that the environment will not be sustained for future generations. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TJMoroc1.rtf

The Impact of the African Slave Trade
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This 5 page paper looks at the impact of African slavery in Africa by considering Basil Davidson's book 'The African Slave Trade'. The paper find merit with some arguments, but also disagree with other arguments from the book. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEafslav.wps

The Importance of Clothing in Non-Verbal Communication
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An 8 page discussion of the importance of clothing in non-verbal communication. Emphasizes the importance of clothing in creating first impressions and identifying the wearer with a particular group or lifestyle. Stresses that clothing is a determinate of numerous perceptions such as trustworthiness and is therefore an important determinant in help seeking behavior in regard to whether or not aid is provided. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPhelpDr.wps

The Importance of Nubia in the Ancient World: Historical, Geographical and Meroe
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This is a 10 page paper discussing the historical and geographical importance of ancient Nubia. The importance of ancient Nubia, a region which existed from the First to the Sixth Cataracts along the Nile, was very much related to its conflict and economic relationship with ancient Egypt during the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms from 2550-1000 B.C. Nubia, which existed just to the south of the powerful Egyptian kingdom was very much dominated by Egypt and the Nubians adopted many of the Egyptian religious rituals and their writing system. Nubia in turn proved to be very important for the wealth of Egypt as Nubia was the center of commerce along the Nile and united the goods and regions from the south to that in Egypt in the north. In addition, the Nubian region was also a large mining area for gold and electrum as well as the production of hard rock and copper necessary for the building industry. Nubian laborers, craftsmen and archers were also valued by the Egyptians during their eras of great production and defence. Nubia further proved its importance when the New Kingdom began to collapse and Egypt was severed into rivaling states. At this time, the Nubian kings protected Thebes, reunited Egypt and ruled over both Nubia and Egypt until 663 B.C. when the Assyrians attacked. The Nubians moved south and later established the Kingdom of Meroe which continued its relationship with its southern trading partners and maintained an independence which increased the strength of the Nubian culture and writing system until 300 A.D. Overall, the Nubian region and people were responsible for much of the economic stability as a major center of trade and the continuing production of precious metals and building materials in addition to the maintenance of this trade during the end of the domination of Egypt in the region. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TJimNub1.rtf

The Influence Of African Art in Haiti
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A 10 page paper that describes the influences of African art on Haiti and looks at some early Haitian artists and considers the role of their African heritage in the development of their craft. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Arihaiti.wps

The Interaction of People and the Environment in the High Atlas and Imlil Valley Regions in Morocco
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This is a 7 page paper discussing the interaction between the people and the environment in the High Atlas mountain area in Morocco and the region of the Imlil valley. The High Atlas mountain area in Morocco and the region of the Imlil valley have traditionally been considered a harsh climate populated only by the Berbers tribe which have farmed and grazed on the highlands. Traditional crops have included barley, almonds and grains which have been sustained in terraced irrigation fields connected by complicated canal systems. The irrigation system was needed to allow farmers to continue to grow through the drought seasons in the area while the major source of precipitation was water which melted from the snow on the mountains. Recently, environmentalists have become concerned with the expanding population in the area and the over grazing and wood collection of the mountain regions. Recent protection projects have proposed restricting the grazing in the area to preserve the environment. While this may preserve the environment and promote tourism, also increasing greatly in the area, it is estimated that the farmers who depend on the grazing will suffer for it. The introduction of newer roads in the area to aid in tourism and rural access has allowed the farmers to expand their crops to include perishable goods such as fruits. While these new roads may increase the income levels in the area, the roads may also be detrimental to the environment by increasing the traffic levels in combination with an increase in the number of chemicals and fertilizers for the new crops. Although, historically the people of the region, the Berbers have sustained their lifestyle by adapting to the harshness of their environment by irrigating their crops and migrating while grazing, the increase in tourism and new roads may actually lead to an eventual irreversible erosion of the ecosystem in the area. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJMoroc2.rtf

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
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A 3 page paper discussing the biography and purposes of this former slave in publishing his Narrative in 1789 (1791 in the United States). Equiano illustrated to European and American readers the civilization of his people and the barbarism of the white slave traders, upending the common notion of who was “civilized” and who was not. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: KSOlauEquiano.rtf

The Ju/'hoansi
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The Ju/'hoansi tribes of southern Africa are an example of a culture that continues into the modern life but is in extreme danger of extinction at the hands of 'progress'. This 7 page paper explores the transition from a forging culture to a farming and herding. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KTjuhons.wps

The Ju/’hoansi and the !Kung: Cultural Behavior and Impact
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A 10 page overview of the cultures of these peoples. Presents a discussion largely based on Richard Lee’s “The Dobe Ju/’hoansi” and Marjorie Shostak’s “Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman” regarding traditional subsistence patterns, spiritual beliefs, and gender relationships. Notes the factors which are leading to a change in these traditional lifeways. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPkalaha.rtf

The Legacy of the Congo's Colonialism
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This 6 page thesis paper looks specifically at the Belgium Congo and the beneficial effects of colonialism. Issues are discussed before and after 1960 when colonial rule came to an end. Allegations of maltreatment under colonialism are addressed. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: SA046Bel.wps