Tocqueville and James: Views on Democracy
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7 pages in length. Examines two literary works on Democracy. Democracy in America by Alexis Tocqueville and American Civilization by C. L. R. James are discussed and compared. Different men, different centuries, and writing on the same subject: Democracy in the United States. Tocqueville’s two-volume treatise was written in the early 1800's and became a mainstay for future generations to read and discuss. Cyril Lionel Robert James modeled his book American Civilization on Tocqueville’s Democracy in America. JGAdemoc.doc
Filename: JGAdemoc.wps

“Romeo and Juliet” – Dance, Opera, and Orchestra
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This 4 page report discusses three different versions of Shakespeare’s classic “Romeo and Juliet.” Charles Gounod’s opera. Prokofiev’s ballet, and Tchaikovsky’s “Fantasy Overture on Romeo and Juliet” are compared in terms of their portrayal of two of the characters of the play. In this case, the couple chosen to be examined are also one of the most well-known literary couples in the world. No bibliography.
Filename: BWromeo.rtf

Muriel Spark/Fascism in 'Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'
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A 12 page research paper that examines Muriel Spark's The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. The writer argues that, ultimately, , the reader comes to see that Brodie is a romantic egotist who has a tendency to shape the world to fit her perceptions of how things ought to be. She is also a 'monster' because she endeavors to shape her students into appendages of her own personality, even leading their actions so she can live out experiences vicariously through them, experiences that express her own thwarted desires. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: 99brodie.rtf

19th and 20th Century Russian Socialism in Theory and Practice
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A 3 page paper which examines the early socialists’ idealistic desire to create a society free of capitalist-industrial economic, social and political injustice and the reality of the 1917 Lenin communist government. Specifically examined are the relationship between the ideals and the reality and how the differences can be historically explained. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Russoc.wps

Rousseau’s "The Social Contract" as it Applies to Slavery
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16 pages in length. "The Social Contract", on the text that all men are born free and equal, regards the State as a contract in which individuals surrender none of their natural rights, but rather agree for the protection of them. Most remarkable in this projected republic was the provision to banish aliens to the state religion and to punish dissenters with death. The Social Contract became the textbook of the French Revolution, and Rousseau's theories as protests bore fruit in the frenzied bloody orgies of the Commune as well as in the rejuvenation of France and the history of the entire Western world. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JGAjjrou.wps

Russian Border Guards
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An 18 page research paper that examines the past and present of the Russian border guard. The writer details the history of the guard and how they maintained the 'Iron curtain' for the former Soviet Union and then details how the guard has changed with the demise of the USSR. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: 90guard.rtf

Leon Trotsky's Role in Russia
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This five-page-paper discusses the role Leon Trotsky played in the Russian Revolution and the Bolshevik Party. It opens with a discussion about Trotsky's life accomplishments and then moves into a brief biography of his entire life. It finishes with the reason he did not win the bid to succeed Lenin when he died. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: CWLeonTr.was

The Russian Revolution of 1917
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This 7 page report discusses the events of 1917 and the Russian Revolution. Russia suffered serious reverses in World War I at the hands of the Germans and Austrians. The country had become a backward country with a miserable peasantry on the verge of starvation, a thin veneer of European civilization, and a seemingly unbridgeable gap between the privileged and the unprivileged. The Russian people turned to the Bolsheviks, almost by default, to implement the popular revolutionary program. Lenin and the Bolsheviks eventually implemented their own version of revolution instead. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BWrusrev.wps

Use of Terror in the Russian Revolution of 1917
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A 7 page research paper that deals with how the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, relied upon terror and violence to accomplish their political goals and solidify their power base after the Revolution of 1917. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: 99bolter.rtf

John Reed’s “Ten Days that Shook the World”
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This 5 page report discusses John Reed’s 1934 account of the Bolsheviks and the Russian Revolution of 1917. Reed was an unapologetic communist before communism became demonized. His book and Reed himself, have inspired a great deal of controversy. Through Reed’s commentary, it is possible to understand many of the objectives and fundamental goals of the revolutionary leaders and that the larger intention of the Russian Revolution was not at all evil but was based on the most basic of premises -- equality. No doubt, readers would see the corrupt sides of the Revolution if Reed’s book had gone further than the October Revolution. Bibliography lists one source.
Filename: BWten.wps

Doctor Zhivago / Yuri And Pasha
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This 5 page paper compares and contrasts the two characters of Yuri and Pasha. They are on opposite sides of the ideals of the revolution, one being raised in an aristocratic family and one fighting against the aristocracy and yet, they have much in common. The writer also discusses the effects of the Russian Revolution on these two men. No Bibliography.
Filename: PGzhivgo.wps

Russia Through The Year 1917
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11 pages in length. As a collective people, early Russians experienced great cultural, social and political hardship, having long been under Mongol oppression. Interestingly, however, this period of complete domination did not serve as a lesson for when they were to ultimately emerge from such persecution; rather, Russia continued forth by perpetuating the totalitarian form of government. The Russian value system has typically reflected it people's strong and constant constitution. They have always been a people who do not take lightly the important aspects of life, including money, power and livelihood, having historically followed a strict rule of guidelines and standards that have served to keep them on track. Harboring little tolerance for things not done according to regulation, the Russians have been quite adept at creating a stable and secure value system for both their industrial and personal success. The writer discusses the development of early Russia through the year 1917. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: TLCrussa.doc

Robespierre/Declaration of the Rights of Man
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A 5 page research paper that examines the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the writings of Maximilien Robespierre. The writer argues that both the Declaration and Robespierre's political philosophy have their origin in the philosophies of the Enlightenment. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: 99decrob.wps

French Declarations of the Rights of Man, Woman, & the Citizen Analyzed
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A 1 page paper which compares the 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen with its 1791 feminist update, The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen, written by Marie Olympe de Gouges.
Filename: Frenchd.wps

A Comparison Between the Northern and Southern Renaissance Artists
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This 5 page paper looks at the differences in style between the northern and southern renaissance artists. The comparison is made by comparing the nudes from artists such as Michealangelo, Leonardo de Vinci, Bronzino and Correggio. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TErenart.wps

A Comparison of Two Italian Renaissance Paintings
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A 5 page research paper that compares two Renaissance works ñ the painting on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo and 'School of Athens' by Raphael. The writer argues that both of these works display the Renaissance fascination with ancient Greek philosophy. Bibliography lists 5 sources. 99mic&ra.wps
Filename: 99micrap.rtf

Early Renaissance and Baroque Styles:Botticelli and Rubens
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The Renaissance began in Italy in the fourteenth century, flourished in the fifteenth, and in the sixteenth reached apogee and then crisis in Italy while it spread through most of Europe. The latter period is considered by most to be the Baroque period. Botticelli was an influential painter of the early Renaissance while Rubens painted in a classic Baroque style. This 6 page paper explains the characteristics that define the paintings of the Renaissance and the changes that defined the Baroque period. It gives examples of why Botticelli was considered a Renaissance artist and Rubens a Baroque artist, then compares two of their paintings in terms of the characteristics of the period. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KTbotrub.wps

Filippo Brunelleschi: Linear Perspective As It Relates To Renaissance And Baroque Architecture
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5 pages in length. Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi helped to bring art and architecture to an entirely new plateau of appreciation. Responsible for re-establishing the notion of linear perspective, the writer discusses Brunelleschi’s application of the mathematical concept ushered in the era of naturalism in both Renaissance and Baroque architecture. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCfilip.wps

Giotto/Humanistic Renaissance Artist
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A 5 page research paper that explores the contributions of fourteenth century artist Giotto di Bondone. The writer specifically discusses several of his St. Francis frescoes. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: 99giotto.wps

Is Our Age a Contemporary Renaissance?
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A 6 page research paper that argues that our contemporary age is similar to that of the Renaissance. The writer compares the two times on numerous levels, but finds them most similar in that both the Renaissance and contemporary modern times have undergone an 'information revolution.' Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: 90renais.rtf

Italian Influence on Rubens and Ter Brugghen
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The Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth century was centered in Italy. The era of the High Renaissance was the defining characteristic of the art community when both Rubens and Ter Brugghen were in Italy. Both of these artists were greatly influenced by their experiences in Italy, however, in very different ways. Ter Brugghen came under the influence and eventually adopted the style and philosophy of Caravaggio. Rubens was influenced by the more traditional style masters of the Italian Renaissance such as Titian and Michelangelo. Ter Brugghen's style emulated that of Caravaggio almost to the point of imitation, whereas Rubens developed an individualized style based on the classic traditions. This 5 page paper examines two religious themed paintings from each artist with the experiences from Italy in mind. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KTrubbru.wps

Margaret L. King's 'Women Of The Renaissance'
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5 pages in length. Margaret L. King's 'Women of the Renaissance' is a celebration of gender, with particular emphasis upon issues of feminism and patriarchal control. Indeed, King portrays the early birth of feminism; not only are her writings a solid reflection of her sentiments but so is the manner in which she reflects renaissance life. It was while writing 'Woman of the Renaissance' that King gained significant insight as to the perceived value of class, gender and social stature, particularly from research about those who did not possess socially and individual freedom: renaissance women. No additional sources cited.
Filename: TLCrenas.doc

Renaissance / Non-European
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In 5 pages, the author discusses what was happening in other parts of the world during the Renaissance. Europe, China, Africa, America and other nations had a great deal of things going on during the Renaissance period in history. Change, rebirth, and modernization did not only belong to European countries. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PCrenw.doc

Renaissance Greats & Charlie Rose
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This 3 page essay presents and imaginary scenario where some of the greatest thinkers of the Renaissance are guests on the Charlie Rose show on PBS. As they discuss the means to success in the world of the Renaissance they are joined by artists Michelangelo, Cellini, and Leonardo da Vinci. No additional sources cited
Filename: Charlie.wps

Renaissance Technology / Art Forms
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A 7 page paper that explores the development of sophisticated ceramic forms. During the Renaissance, a form of pottery called maiolica was developed. It became very popular among all classes because the undecorated pieces could be purchased by people outside the aristocracy bringing at least a semblance of equality. Also discussed is the Saint-Porchaire pottery, a very different kind of piece. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PGpttry.wps

The Italian Renaissance
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A 5 page essay on the Italian Renaissance that is based on Paul Robert Walker's book The Italian Renaissance. No additional sources cited.
Filename: 99prwren.wps

The Northern European Renaissance
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A 4 page paper in which the writer examines the Northern European Renaissance through the works of Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, and Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BBNoEuropRen.doc.

Art and Photography
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Beginning in the Renaissance and the emergence of linear perspective there has been certain expectations ascribed to art and artists. During the Renaissance, the rendition of the human form was for the first time able to be portrayed with depth and in context. For many years after photography had been invented the only use was for portraiture. It was a medium all it's own and not considered an art form. This 6 page paper argues that the use of the photographic medium is as valid in today's technological reality as the painting of form in depth was during the Renaissance. It can be used to preserve memories, evoke emotions, stir people to action and provide a standard of beauty. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: KTphotog.wps

Art in Flanders During the 15th Century Renaissance Period
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A 10 page paper which discusses the Renaissance period and discusses how Flanders had a great deal of influence on that particular period of time. The Renaissance period is defined, followed by a section on Northern Europe which addresses the influence this region had upon the period, which began in, and remained powerful, in Italy. The artwork of painters from Flanders, Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden, are also discussed. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAflander.wps

Bronzino's Portrait of a Young Man
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Within the world of art, the Renaissance is the most beguiling era because of the breadth of styles that were to come out of that particular period. The early Renaissance placed a great deal of emphasis on the portrayal of the human body using the newly determined principles of perspective and use of light for depth. Reflecting this was an art style dubbed Mannerism for its extremes of emotionalism, purposeful imbalance and distortion, and expressionism This 6 page paper examines the roots of mannerism, specifically the painting, Portrait of a Young Man, by Bronzino. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KTbrozno.wps

Human Nature in Renaissance Art
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A 20 page paper describing the view of human nature on renaissance art. The writer describes the Renaissance belief in humanism and its effects on the view of human nature and how this is portrayed in art of the time. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Renaissat.rtf

Renaissance Patron
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The Renaissance is a time in history that is characterized by the creative endeavors of artists, writers and learned men of all aspects of the evolving world consciousness. They were able to make such progress because of the system of patronage that existed. It was the tradition for the nobles and clergy, those with resources beyond their immediate needs, to become benefactors for the arts and artists of the day. This 5 page paper examines the role and influence of the patron on renaissance art. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KTpatron.wps

Rubens' Influence on Van Dyck
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During the period known as the High Renaissance, the ideal in painting was based on the ability of the artist to use the newly developed techniques of perspective to add realism to their depiction's. One of the artists who helped define the Renaissance was Peter Paul Rubens. The tradition of European art passed down from the High Renaissance in Italy through old masters such as Veronese and Rubens has as it's mainstay the so-called grand manner. Among the masters of the Renaissance and Baroque periods who subscribed to the grand manner were Rembrandt, Goya, Whistler, Michelangelo, Velazquez, Titian, Caravaggio, Rubens and Anthony Van Dyck. This 5 page paper explores the similarities between Rubens and his apprentice, Van Dyck, primarily through the auspices granted by the understanding of the grand manner style - in addition to other aspects. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KTvandck.wps

The Renaissance & Humanism In the Art and Music in San Marco, Venice
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A 12 page paper that provides a comprehensive overview of the significant features of the art and music of San Marco, Venice during the Renaissance era and considers the relationship between the art and the ideal of humanism. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Venicen.doc

Women and Art: A History of Women Painters and Sculptors from the Renaissance to the Twentieth Century by Elsa Honig Fine
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Women have been both the mother and the maiden in the eyes, hearts and art of men. Elsa Fine has given another perspective to the appreciation of art - that of women as creators and critics of art. Women are able to use their ability to create as a means to express their inner desires and beliefs, to connect to themselves in times when a female identity had to be hidden beneath a charade of demur behavior and extravagant fashion. This 10 page paper examines women and art from the perspective presented by Ms. Fine. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: KTwomnart.wps

Renaissance Art: Distinctions Between Pope and Nobleman
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An 8 page discussion of the similarities and contrasts of portraits of the Renaissance period. Contends that while the Church was a driving force in the art of the period, the distinctions between the portraits of Popes and noblemen are subtle. Equates the similarities as being a result of the familial backgrounds of many of the popes who were from the prominent families of the day and consequently walked a fine line between papal direction and societal status. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPpope.wps

Myth in Renaissance Art
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The Renaissance was a time of revival of art and letters under the influence of ancient Roman and Greek models. The suppression of the spirit and of the arts in the feudalism that preceded the Renaissance forced a change whereby individual freedom and autonomy became of value and life was seen as a matter of acceptance of physical existence and of the desire to pursue a happy, practical life. This 6 page paper compares and contrasts the mythological paintings ofRenaissance artists Botticelli, Mantegna, Bruegel and Titian. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: KTartmth.wps

David Underdown/ 'Fire from Heaven'
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A 6 page analysis of David Underdown's book, Fire from Heaven. This book offers a glimpse into the life of one English village in the seventeenth century. It shows to the reader who the Puritan reformers of Dorchester, England were, how and why they pursued their reforms, and why, ultimately, they failed. No additional sources cited.
Filename: 99purtan.wps

Modernist European Art and the Ploitical Scene of Central Europe, 1910-1939
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This 5 page report discusses European art of the years encompassing World War I, post World War and the onset of World War II. It was art filled with contradiction and radical change and served as an appropriate metaphor for the social and political upheaval faced throughout Europe as well. The paper discusses Matisse, Picasso, and Magritte in such a context. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWeast.rtf

RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES AS REFLECTED IN OZMET’S MAGDALENA AND BALTHASAR
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This 3-page paper focuses on the religious aspect of Magdalena and Balthasar as explained in Steven Ozmet's study (through letters) about this 16th-century Nuremberg merchant's family.
Filename: MTmagbal.rtf

Significant Changes in Europe in the Twentieth Century
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A 5 page paper which discusses three significant changes that have occurred in Europe in this century. The changes addressed are the development of NATO, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the implementation of the Euro. Each one of these events has brought great change to Europe in general, as well as effecting the rest of the world. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAchanges.wps

Friedrich Nietzsche And Sigmund Freud On The Enlightenment
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5 pages in length. The Enlightenment was one of the central tasks that the major thinkers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries established themselves. What this means in terms of the manner in which those great philosophers looked at the broader scope of existence lies within the works of such celebrated thinkers as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. The writer discusses Nietzsche and Freud in relation to the Enlightenment. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCenlit.wps

Basque Nationalism, Spain's Reluctance
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A 15 page paper discussing the issue of secession of the Basque region from Spain. There is a surge of nationalism, or rather tribalism, surfacing in many areas of the world. In northern Spain, many - but not all - the Basque people would have their own homeland, separate and distinct from Spain. Such a divide is unlikely, particularly in light of the trend away from the socialism to which many of the most outspoken separatists ascribe. Spain has economic reasons for ensuring that the Basque region remains a part of the nation: it has attracted more foreign direct investment than other areas of Spain and its economic performance over the past several years has outpaced that of the remainder of Spain. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: KSBasque.wps

Dvorak, Brahms, Chopin and Mendelssohn: A View of the Composers and Nationalism
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This 4 page paper provides a concise overview of some of the elements of four major composers, Dvorak, Brahms, Chopin and Mendelssohn and considers their role within the context of music history. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MHcompos.wps

Laurence Lafore's The Long Fuse
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In 5 pages, the author discusses 'The Long Fuse' by Laurence Davis Lafore, and presents an interpretation of causes of WWI, which includes the significance of Serbian nationalism as a contributing factor. No other sources cited.
Filename: PClfuse.doc