South-American Native Tribes
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A 10 page research paper discussing the history, culture, anthropology, and social evolution of three groups of Native Indians : The Yanomamo (regarded as one of the most violent societies on Earth !), the Zapotecs (known for architecture & urban development), and the Yucatecs (relevant to Mayans) Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Zapotec.rtf

The Developmental Trajectories Of The Basin Of Mexico & The Mayan Lowlands
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6 pages in length. The writer discusses similarities and differences as they relate to the developmental trajectories of the basin of Mexico and the Maya Lowlands, as well as addresses Copan involvement in the Mayan collapse. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Meximay.wps

The Mayan and Their Interaction with the Franciscan Missionaries
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A 5 page discussion of the interactions of the Maya and the Franciscan Missionaries. Presents the view that the Franciscan goal revolved around two issues: conversion of the Maya to Christianity and the production of revenue for Spain. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPmayan.wps

Ethnohistory of Sitting Bull and the Lakota Sioux: A Book Review
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A 7 page overview and critique of “Sitting Bull and the Paradox of the Lakota Nationhood”, an ethnohistory written by Gary Clayton Anderson and published by Talman Company in 1996. Condenses the life of the Lakota Sioux during the time of Sitting Bull. Illuminates their relationship with the U.S. government as well as aspects of their culture such as the Ghost Dance and the importance of Sitting Bull in this culture. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaSitB.wps

Lakota Woman
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A 6 page paper summarizing the key points of the book of the same name, written in 1990 by Mary Crow Dog, a Lakota Indian. The book describes not only the challenges faced by Indians as a result of the intrusion of the federal government into Indian life, but specifically tells about the 1973 siege of the historic site of Wounded Knee. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Lakota.wps

Lakota Woman As Bildingsroman
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A 7 page paper looking at Mary Crow Dog's autobiography in terms of its function as a coming-of-age story, or bildingsroman. The paper shows how Crow Dog's story not only tells the story of her own life but serves as a metaphor for the emergence of the entire Indian nation. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Lak3.wps

Lakota Man's Necklace: A Description of One of the Holdings of the Denver Art Museum
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A 5 page description and artistic analysis of a necklace created in the 1920s and held as a part of the Denver Art Museum's Native American collection. Provides a detailed description of the necklaces components, including quill work and otter fur as well as more commercial components such as mirrors and ribbons. Analyses the piece in terms of color, symmetry, repetition, and other aspects of composition. Bibliography lists one source.
Filename: PPnaNeck.wps

The Seventh Generation - The Religion Of The Native American
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A 6 page paper discussing important concepts in Indian spirituality / religion. The writer features quotes from a number of Native Americans and reliable sources. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Indian1.wps

Religion and Culture: A Comparison of Christianity and the Ancient Religion of the Inca
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5 page discussion of the importance of religion in culture. Discusses the separation of monotheism and polytheism and compares the belief structure of Christianity and the Inca. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPgods.wps

Popol Vuh / Converting Mexico's Indians To Christianity
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10 pages in length. The Popol Vuh is as critical to the history of the Native Americans as any book of recorded history would be to an entire circle of peoples. It is, indeed, what the Native Americans have looked upon as their holy book of the Quiche Indians of Guatemala. Translated, the words Popol Vuh represent the unification of people in God's name, which to them is a magic word; indeed, it stands for the Book of the Community. It also symbolizes all things good, such as the sun, light and fertility. Yet through this vast connection to its Mexican history, Popol Vuh also speaks of the reasons behind what ultimately lead the Indians of Mexico to find their faith in Christianity. The writer discusses the relevance of the Popol Vuh as it relates to the conversion of Mexico's Native Americans to Christianity. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: Popolvuh.wps

Colonial America and the Cherokee
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A 5 page discussion of the impacts on Native American culture during the Colonial period. Discusses the differing values of non-Indian and Indian and the cultural transition which many of the tribes made toward taking on European ways. Emphasizes the Cherokee culture and observes that despite their willingness to integrate with the Whites they were still viewed as inferiors and were eventually forced from their homelands both out of greed and out of perceived inferiority. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaColo.wps

Sam Houston: Factors Which Shaped His Successes and Failures
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A 5 page overview of how Houston’s interactions with the Cherokee Indians shaped both his political and personal life. Illuminates specific aspects of Cherokee culture which influenced him, specifically referencing “Sam Houston and the American Southwest” by Randolph B. Campbell. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPHousto.wps

The Cherokee: Family Relationships
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A 9 page overview of Cherokee familial relations. Discusses the role of women and men and provides details on the matrilineal descent practice, clans, how it was determined who could marry whom, who was responsible for child care, and other aspects of Cherokee family life. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPNAcher.wps

The Contemporary Social Adjustment of a Seventy-Four Year Old Mixed Blood Cherokee/European Female
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A 9 page discussion of the factors which influence an individual’s relation with the rest of the society. Presents information obtained during an interview with a seventy-four year old single female of mixed Cherokee and European descent. Discusses the ability of this woman to adjust to society despite her numerous social shortcomings such as limited education and verbal communication skills. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPelder2.wps

The Oklahoma Land Run as witnessed by E.F. Boggess
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A 5 page overview of the Oklahoma Land run as witnessed by disciple of Christ preacher E.F. Boggess. Discusses the history of the land starting first with its allocation by the U.S. government to the Cherokee and continuing through its settlement by non-Indians. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Oklaland.wps

The Trail Of Tears
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7 pages in length. Often referred to as the American Holocaust, the Trail of Tears represents a battle between the European settlers and the Cherokee Indians that ultimately brought down the Cherokee Nation. In retelling the tale time and time again, various and minute details have been modified throughout the decades; however, the primary factor remains clear: the Cherokee Indians were forced to fight with blood, sweat and tears in order to uphold their dignity as The Principal People. The event that took place in North Georgia, ultimately to be known as the Trail of Tears, sheds considerable light on how the Cherokee were treated with severe disrespect and manipulation by the Europeans, whose goal it was to settle upon the Indian's territory. The writer discusses the events leading up to the Trail of Tears. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCtrail.rtf

The Trail of Tears: Disgrace of a Young Nation
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A 7 page discussion of the forced removal of the Cherokee Indian in 1838 from their eastern homelands in the United States. Written from the perspective of a foreign reporter who witnessed the event first hand. Provides details of the events which led up to the removal. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPtrailT.rtf

Western Expansion and the Trail of Tears
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6 pages in length. This paper examines the sad travesty of the Cherokee Trail of Tears march due to western expansion from 1815-1840. The historical treatment of the Cherokee is reviewed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JGAwstrn.wps

Black Elk Speaks
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A five page paper looking at John Neihardt’s interview of Black Elk, a Lakota Indian who survived the massacre at Wounded Knee. The paper explains the theme and importance of the work, and shows how it helped to change early twentieth-century stereotypes of the Indian. No additional sources.
Filename: KBelk.wps

Black Elk's Vision
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A 5 page paper on Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, edited and translated by John Neihardt. The paper shows that although Black Elk felt he did not fulfill his sacred mission of mending the broken hoop of Indian culture, the rise in public interest and awareness concerning Indians shows that he did. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Blckelk.wps

"A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815"
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A 5 page review of the Book by author Gregory Evans Dowd. The author of this paper emphasizes the point that while many Native American leaders had hope of effecting a final victory over the whites that had invaded their lands, the "militant nativist" message delivered by prophets like Neolin (mid-eighteenth Century Deleware) and Tenskwatwa (early nineteenth Century Shawnee, brother of Tecumseh) was rejected by many of the Native peoples. The Native people had suffered tremendously at the hands of the whites. That suffering was not easily forgotten. Even when they were given new hope by new leaders, many were reluctant to confront the whites in yet another battle. They had come to believe in their hearts that the white tide was unstoppable and that by trying to stop it they would only sacrifice more Native lives. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaResi.rtf

"Beyond the Convenant Chain, The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America 1600-1800"
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A 4 page review of some of the major premises of this book. Compares the work to that of past and contemporary scholars and contends that this book is one of the few insights into the Iroquois people that is influenced more by fact than by the historical and personal factors confronting authors. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaIroq.rtf

"Cherokee Women" by Theda Perdue
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A 5 page book review on Theda Perdue's "Cherokee Women." Her book presents us with a very unique look at the Cherokee women who were actually the leaders and the providers of the Cherokee people. Bibliography lists 1 additional source.
Filename: RAperdue.wps

"First Americans": A Review of One Chapter of Brian Fagan's "People of the Earth"
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A 3 page consideration of the numerous questions that exist regarding the arrival of the America's first peoples. Fagan considers how, when, and why Native American first came here. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaDate.rtf

"Frontier Regulars" by Robert M. Utley
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A 5 page paper which examines the thesis and main points of Robert M. Utley's book, "Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891." No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAutley.wps

"It's a good day to be indigenous." From Sherman Alexie's book and movie Smoke Signals
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(6 pp) The movie (1999) was billed as the first American all-Indian made - written, acted and produced movie. And everyone appeared astounded that it was (is) very good. It has been adapted from Alexie's book of short stories called The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fight in Heaven. Our assignment is to look both at the movie and at the book and determine the dramatic strengths and weaknesses of one version compared to another.
Filename: BBtonto.doc

"No Idle Past: Uses Of History In The 1830 Indian Removal Debates"
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A 4 page review of the Fall 2000 article by Jason Meyers summarizing the political discord surrounding the Trail of Tears, the nineteenth century forced removal of the Cherokee people from their traditional land in the state of Georgia. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaRmvl.rtf

"Spiderwoman's Granddaughters"
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This 5 page paper discusses some examples of the symbolism in the book, "Spiderwoman's Granddaughters". Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVSpider.rtf

"The Laramie Project" And "Indian Killer" – Hatred
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3 pages in length. The writer briefly discusses racial discord and homosexual intolerance as they relate to hatred in "The Laramie Project" and "Indian Killer." Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: TLCLaramie.rtf

"The Origins of Canadian Indian Policy"
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A 3 page review of L.F.S. Upton's 1973 article on Native American policy in Canada. Upton presents the thesis that by 1814 Canada's indigenous peoples were no longer of any particular value to Canada. He then reviews the tactics that were employed to essentially rid the country of a perceived problem. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaCanP.rtf

"Thrown Among Strangers" by Douglas Monroy
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A 3 page paper which examines the Chumash Indian Revolt of 1824 as seen through Douglas Monroy's work "Thrown Among Strangers." No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAchumsh.rtf

"What You Pawn I Will Redeem"
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A 4 page analysis of the short story by Sherman Alexie. This story portrays the impacts of white America on Native American welfare through the eyes of a homeless alcoholic Indian living on the streets of Spokane Washington. It details his quest to regain his connection with all that has been taken from him. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaPawn.rtf

'Native Roots' by Jack Weatherford
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A 5 page paper that reviews Weatherford's book, focusing upon defining his thesis and demonstrating support for Weatherford's belief that major political, cultural, and social constructs in the Americas, including the economy, were based on the principles and techniques of Native American communities. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Nativer.wps

'Native Roots' by Jack Weatherford # 2
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A 5 page paper that considers the importance of Weatherford's historical account of the relationship between European settlers and Native American communities. This paper presents Weatherford's work in a critical perspective, noting that his focus on the importance of the interaction between Indians and European settlers almost negates the devastating impacts enacted against the Indians. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Nativer2.wps

'The Broken Spears': The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico
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A 6 page overview of Miguel Leon Portilla's 'The Broken Spears : The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico'. Reveals that this book differs from typical accounts of the conquest of Mexico in that it is one of the few accounts which is presented from the aspect of the indigenous peoples who lived there rather than from the perspective of the European marauders who invaded their lands and killed their peoples. Examines the question of why the Spanish were able to conquer the Aztec. Suggests that this accomplishment is not just due to technological superiority but also to Spanish mindset. The Spanish conquered the Aztec by destroying their culture and exposing them to the ravages of disease. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPaztec.rtf

A Century of Religious Evolution among Native Americans
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A 7 page paper discussing how the issue of religion among Native Americans has come full circle in the past century. The federal government officially banned some tribes' most sacred religious rites - the potlatch of the Cree was subversive because it redistributed wealth among members - forbade the use of native languages and removed entire tribes from their ancestral lands. White missionaries were certain that the "savages" had to be civilized before they could be evangelized, and did not take the time to realize how similar native religion and Christianity were. Some groups are returning to the traditional ways; others are blending tradition with Christianity; still others persecute the Christians in their midst in retribution for the centuries of persecution at the hands of Christians. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSnativAmRel.wps

A Comparison of Appalachian and Cherokee Cultures
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A 9 page comparison of these sometimes diverse yet sometimes astonishingly similar cultures. The author of this paper defines the geographic range encompassed by the Appalachians and the unique peoples who presently live there. The author notes that this range was once the homelands of the Cherokee Indians. Specific details are provided on the cultural organization of these two groups, as well as their subsistence patterns, and information about their material culture. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPapala2.rtf

A Comparison of the History and Culture of the Oglala Sioux and the Crow and the Interactions with White America
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A 5 page overview of the trials and tribulations faced by these Native Americans at the hands of the Europeans who invaded their lands. Discusses the changes to traditional lifeways which occurred and the amazing ability of these people to persevere into modern times despite the odds. Emphasizes the teachings found in “Black Elk Speaks” (edited by John G. Neihardt) and Frederick E. Hoxie’s “Parading Through History: The Making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935”. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaCrow.wps

A COMPARISON/CONTRAST OF MY ANTONIA TO FOOLS CROW
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This 3 page paper compares/contrasts the work of Willa Cather to James Welch. Formal paper presentation. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MBcrow.rtf

A Critique of the 2006 – 2011 Indian Health Service Strategic Plan
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A 7 page critique of the latest Native American health care strategy implemented by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This paper points out the primary strengths of this document lies in its focus on accountability and involving Native Americans themselves in the planning and delivery of health care programs. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaHlthPlan.rtf

A Hypothetical Dialogue on “Ceremony” by Leslie Silko
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A 4 page paper which presents a hypothetical dialogue on the book “Ceremony” by Leslie Silko.” No sources cited.
Filename: RAsilko.rtf

A One-On-One Interview With an Elderly Native American Widow
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A 6 page report on the interview process with a seventy-four year old widowed female of mixed Cherokee heritage. Asserts that the interview process can allow a student to quickly come to the realization that individual behavior and relationships with other members of society can vary according to a number of cultural factors, not just race. They can also use the interview process to dispel the stereotypical images which many hold in regard to racial groups which are different from themselves. A one-on-one interview can allow a student to identify with an individual from a cultural group who they may have previously regarded as completely foreign to their own. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaEldI.rtf

A Plea for a Native American Alliance
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A 3 page plea for Native Americans to join into a common alliance to resist white expansion. Written from the perspective of one Native American in the 1800s, this paper tells of what will come if the alliance is unsuccessful. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaAlliancePlea.rtf

A Summary and Review of Four Books and Articles on Spirituality
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This 6 page paper provides four separate summaries and critiques of books or articles which are related to New Ageism. Andrew's Medicine Woman, McKenna's In Praise of Psychedelics, Burrough's Nova Express and Ross's New Age: A Kinder, Gentler Science? are the four works. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA218new.rtf

Aboriginal Consideration and Involvement in Environmental Conservation in Canada
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This is an 8 page paper discussing the consideration for Canadian aboriginals in regards to environmental conservation in Canada. Within the last century in Canada, there has been little consideration for the environmental concerns and land claims proposed by the Canadian aboriginals. Part of reason for this could be that generally, as seen in the work of the Group of Seven, Canadian natives were not linked with the Canadian landscape. While some artists like Emily Carr depicted the disappearing ecology and native cultures the west, generally that work was not well received until recently. The disregard for native concerns continues in governmental and corporate policies administered today in which Canadian aboriginals have had to fight for the preservation of their homeland after industrial legislation has been granted to destroy it either by logging or fishing conflicts. While environmental groups often work hand in hand with the natives in regards to conservation, often times, they too conflict and disregard the aboriginal perspective. While there are some cases in which Canadian aboriginals have been successful in their fight to retain their land and conserve the environment, these struggles are still considered secondary to the desires of the provincial and federal governments and industry. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TJCwild1.rtf