Canadian Indian Policy and the Problems Associated With It
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An 8 page investigation of the problems currently being confronted by Canada's First Peoples. This paper traces those problems to poor relations between those people and the Canadian government. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPnaCanPol.rtf

Captain Cook
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A 5 page paper which examines the history of Captain Cook and the influence his discovery of the islands had upon the people. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAcpck.rtf

Casino Gambling In California
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10 pages in length. Ever since Nevada's gambling Mecca began to turn a profit, other states have long attempted to gain similar revenues for their own communities. California and the Native American population are no different when it comes to tapping into the very lucrative aspect of casino gambling; however, the two entities have remained in battle over the legalities of having casino gambling on Indian reservations. At issue: California wants a piece of the action that the reservations are sure to cultivate. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCcasCA.wps

Casino Tax Revenue and Local Government: Differences Between Native and Non-Native Contributions
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A 10 page review of Native American gaming and the revenues it provides to local government. The author contrasts Native American gaming with non-Native gaming establishments and emphasizes the role of tribal sovereignty and tax exemption in determining revenue contributions. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPcasinT.rtf

Changes in Native American Culture
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This 5 page paper looks at the Culture of the native Americans and the way in which it has changed over the years as a result of increased immigration to the United States. From the days before Columbus to the current day the culture has evolved through force rather than natural progression, the paper considers the positive and the negative aspects of these changes. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEnatame.wps

Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England": A Review of the Book by William Cronan
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A 4 page overview of the major points presented by this ethnohistorian. Cronan contends that The Native American inhabitants of New England at the point of European colonization viewed the land in a much different manner than did the colonist. They utilized its resources, of course, but they utilized those resources only for the purposes of their own sustenance. The colonists, in contrast, were intent on using the land not just for their own needs but for economic profit. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPcolEnv.rtf

Changing Definitions: Native American Heritage as it Relates to DNA Testing
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A 10 page discussion of the governmental role and interest in the classification of "Native American". Explains the governmental restrictions as to who can classify themselves as Native American, the necessity of being on a tribal roll, and the inadequacies and injustices of that approach. Includes information about self-identification of race and ethnicity for the purpose of the U.S. Census and suggests that DNA typing would be a more acceptable means of qualifying for tribal rolls than would the methodologies which are in use today. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPnaDNA.wps

Charles Mann’s “1491”
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A 3 page review of Charles Mann’s book “1491.” No additional sources cited.
Filename: RA1491.rtf

Cherokee Art
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A 3 page overview of Cherokee Art. The author emphasizes the connection Cherokee pottery has to ancient times and elaborates on its production. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaCherArt.rtf

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce
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An 8 page overview of Chief Joseph's attitude and attempts to provide for the needs of his people. This paper includes fourteen direct quotes. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPnaNezP2.rtf

Chinookan Economy
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A 5 page discussion of the trade routes, economy, and jargon of these indigenous peoples. Parallels are made with contemporary U.S. economy. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaChinookanTrade.rtf

Christian Tragedies: “Hamlet” and “The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse”
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A 4 page review of these two contrasting works of literature, one by Shakespeare and one by modern author Louise Endrich. The author contends that despite their contrasts, each is a Christian tragedy.
Filename: PPnaNoHr.rtf

Christopher Columbus
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A 5 page look at Christopher Columbus as hero and villain. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: RAchcuu.rtf

Chumash
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A 3 page paper which offers a creative tutorial concerning being a Chumash Indian in history. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAcuh.rtf

Colonial Cognizance of Native American Distinction
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A 4 page overview of the fact that despite the tendency of early historians to skim over details on group distinction among Native Americans, early colonists were very aware of those distinctions. The author reviews Daniel Richter’s “Facing East from Indian Country : A Native History of Early America” and Karen Kupperman’s “Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America” to support this contention. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaLit3.rtf

Colonial Cuban Sugar Production: Impacts on Slavery and World Relations
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An 18 page overview of the historical setting of sugar production in Cuba. Emphasizes that sugar production not only impacted Cuban plantation owners and processors, it impacted a diversity of people the world over. While some of these impacts were positive, many were not. The concentration on sugar production permeated such aspects of Cuban life as land tenure, class structure, and even racial composition of the country. In many ways it can be contended that sugar production drove such deplorable societal institutions as slavery. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPcubSug.wps

Commitment and Cultural Diversity
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A 5 page discussion of one Native American woman's quest to understand cultural diversity, especially diversity in her law enforcement workplace. Relates the difficulties she encounters as a woman and how she helps to acquaint the rest of the workplace with Native American culture. Describes some of the problems Native Americans encounter and dispels some of the stereotypes. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPcommiB.wps

Comparison of Discrimination and Assimilation of African and Native Americans: Minority Groups, Cultural Changes, Colonization, Immigration, and Relations with the Dominant Group
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This is an 8 page paper discussing discrimination and assimilation of African and Native Americans. African Americans and Native Americans in the United States have experienced generations of discrimination and assimilation but from somewhat different perspectives. Native Americans were the most profoundly affected by colonization and were forced into minority group status and relocated by European whites who wanted the Native lands for their own needs similar to the minority group patterns in the theories of Robert Blauner. African Americans, on the other hand, have experienced two different forms of assimilation and discrimination in which those who were born here experienced legal segregation (until the 1960s Civil Rights Movements) in addition to discrimination and minority status based on “group inequity” in which the dominant group (white Anglo Europeans) believed African Americans to be inferior combined with “differential power” in which the dominant group was larger and had the resources to force the African Americans into minority status; ideas reflected in the theories of Donald L. Noel. African Americans are also comprised of immigrants who according to Blauner, made the decision to immigrate to the U.S. and therefore differ from those who were forced into minority status. Regardless of the origins of the Native Americans and African Americans, most sociologists agree that because they have been deemed “minority social races” they will continue to experience various forms of assimilation expectations and discrimination by the dominant group. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TJANtAm1.rtf

Concerns and Goals for First Nations Web Sites
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This is a 6 page paper discussing concerns and goals for the webmasters of First Nation web sites. With the introduction of globalization and increased accessibility to information technology around the world, researchers and historians have given up the idea of keeping some indigenous cultures free from outside influences. Originally the idea of indigenous peoples changing their lives to accommodate the new technologies caused a great deal of trepidation among anthropologists and native leaders, but now technology is a part of the everyday lives of native peoples, members within the First Nations are determining how best to represent themselves using Internet sites and how to differentiate their ideals from other international cultural sites. Largely, Native Americans are most interested in using their web sites to address important global, environmental and social issues which have been restricted and disregarded on larger national sites. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJFNweb1.rtf

Considering the Maya
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This 3 page paper examines the ancient Maya civilization, and argues that “popular” scholarship portraying the Maya as sophisticated, peaceful and scientific is wrong; they were warlike and Mayan city-states were at war with each other much of the time. The paper also touches on the way they treated captives. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVremaya.rtf

Conspiracy Of Pontiac
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A 5 page essay on the two volume book, Conspiracy of Pontiac, by Indian war historian Francis Parkman. The writer provides an informative & critical analysis covering Parkman's style, theme, and literary allusions. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Pontiac.wps

Contemporary and Historic Issues Confronting Native Americans
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A 6 page overview of the historic and contemporary issues confronting Native Americans. The author condenses these issues into three main categories: health, land and leadership. Background information is provided for each category and the reasons for its importance are emphasized in terms of statistics and historic and future applicability. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnaIssu.rtf

Contemporary Native American Concerns: Health, Sovereignty, and Leadership
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A 6 page discussion of the many problems facing contemporary Native Americans. Traces these problems back to the initial contact with the European people who invaded Native land. Asserts that everything from the ravages of disease on modern Native Americans to struggles over land rights and the right to independent government can be related to the demands and expectations of non-Native groups who now predominate North America. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnaIss2.wps

Contrasts in Native American and Euro-American Culture
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A 5 page overview of the various differences that have existed both historically and in contemporary times between these cultures. The author emphasizes the differences in societal structure, regard for natural resources, and religion. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaEur2.rtf

Conversion: Momaday, Robinson and Vizenor
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A 4 page paper which examines the theme of conversion in House Made of Dawn by Momaday, Monkey Beach by Robinson and Bearheart the Heirship Chronicles by Vizenor. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAaboop.rtf

Crazy Horse and Cochise: Similarities and Contrasts
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A 6 page discussion of two of the most remembered Native American leaders of the nineteenth century. Emphasizes that Cochise and Crazy Horse Cochise and Crazy Horse differed both individually and culturally. Contrasts those differences while drawing parallels between the factors which incited each man to military action. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaCrzy.wps

Cultural Conflict as Evidenced in Contemporary Native American Literature
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An 11 page discussion of cultural conflict as is evidenced in Thomas King’s “Green Grass, Running Water”, Leslie Marmon Silko’s “Ceremony”, Gerald Vizenor’s “The Heirs of Columbus”, and Sherman Alexie’s “The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven”. The author notes the underlying theme of the differences in the way the environment is viewed by Native Americans verses Non-Natives and suggests that in pre-contact cultures the villain in Native American stories took the form of witchcraft while in contemporary literature it takes the form of non-Natives. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnaLit2.rtf

Cultural Differences and Similarities: The Aztec, Inca and Spanish
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A 3 page comparison of the cultures of each of these three groups. The time of the Spanish conquest of the New World was a difficult one for all concerned. Cultural differences accounted for the majority of the turmoil which erupted. The Inca and the Aztec were some of the first to suffer as a result of this turmoil. Their cultures were as different from the Spanish as night and day. At the same time, however, the precepts driving these three very distinct cultures were essentially the same as were their governmental structures. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaAzIn.rtf

Cultural Interactions in the Time of the Revolutionary War
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A 4 page consideration of the many gains that were made in interactions between whites, blacks, and Native Americans during this critical time period in American history. While there were great losses, both in terms of culture and in terms of basic rights such as freedom and property ownership, there were also many gains. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PPnaGift.rtf

Demos: “The Unredeemed Captive”
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This 3 page paper discusses John Demos’ book “The Unredeemed Captive,” and why it was so important to the Puritans the Eunice Williams be “redeemed.” Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVjdemos.rtf

Diabetes and the Aging Native American Population
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A 6 page overview of the problems presented by diabetes among elderly Native Americans. This paper emphasizes the importance of the recognition of cultural differences in addressing diabetes and other health problems for these people. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPnaDiabetesElderly.rtf

Early European/Native American Interactions: From Columbus to Cortez, and Aztec Impressions
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A 4 page overview of the early interactions between Europeans and Native Americans. The author identifies the overriding goal of Spanish colonization as greed and relates the fact that that goal determined the manner the Spanish regarded and treated the indigenous inhabitants of the so-called "New World" as well as the way these people regarded the Spanish. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaClmb.rtf

Economic and Cultural Transformation Among the Morongo and Viejas Tribes
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A 4 page discussion of the benefits gaming has reaped for these Native Americans. The author contend that gaming is critical in self determination for these people. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaCas3.rtf

Ecotourism and Archaeotourism: Trends in U.S. Tourism
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An 11 page examination of the growing need for tourist activities which not only improve an area's economy but also serve to protect sensitive environmental areas and cultural sites. Presents statistics on U.S. tourism and dispels the societal misconceptions of ecotourism and Archaeotourism. Emphasizes these activities can have an immediate and lasting effect on our nation's varied economics and will go a long way toward carrying our precious environmental and cultural resources successfully into the next century. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPusTour.wps

End-of-Life Issues
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This 3 page paper uses a web site to help explore how Native Americans may choose to face end-of-life issues. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVEndLfe.rtf

English Colonists Perceptions and Beliefs as Applied to Native Americans
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A 7 page overview of early colonial interactions with Native Americans. The manner in which European colonists viewed the Native Americans whose lands they invaded varied both according to geography and according to time. The Puritans as a whole would proclaim their belief that all people were equal before God. Puritan proclamation and act, however, were two different things. In practice, race, class, and literacy were salient issues.
Filename: PPnaPuri.rtf

Environmental Contamination on Navajo and Hopi Land
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A 6 page review of the problems these people are experiencing with toxic waste resulting from the dumping of radioactive material and the environmental destruction that has occurred as a result of extensive coal mining. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaRadioactive.rtf

Eskimo Essays
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A 10 page paper discussing Fineup-Riordin's book from an ethnographic standpoint. Discusses the Yup'ik Eskimos from the various facets of their lifestyles: religious, mythological, and warring. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: Eskimo.wps

Ethnic Essays
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A 5 page contrast and comparison of two essays dealing with ethnic issues. The essays are "Crimes Against Humanity" by Ward Churchill and "For the Indians No thanksgiving" by Michael Dorris. Both of these essays are incredibly powerful, and both speak of the conditions involving Native Americans. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAchiefs.wps

European Diseases and Aboriginal People
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A 9 page paper which examines the affects of European diseases upon aboriginal people of the world. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: RApoxnat.rtf

European Expansionism: Intercultural Interactions Produced By War And Disease
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5 pages in length. The writer discusses how European expansionism culminated in war and disease for the Native Americans. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCexpnd.wps

European Misperceptions and Stereotypes: Racism in Native American Society
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A 5 page discussion of the reasons behind the racism which has existed in regard to Native Americans for the last five hundred years. Identifies Europeans misperceptions and stereotypes regarding Native American culture as being at the root of this racism. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaMisp.wps

Eve Ball/Indeh: An Apache Odyssey
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A 6 page book review that examines Eve Ball's text of the words of the patriarch of the Mescalero Apache, Ace Daklugie, son of Juh, nephew of Geronimo, the story that Daklugie related to Ball before his death in 1955 is an eye-opening experience to anyone who has never considered history from a Native American perspective. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khindeh.rtf

Factors Leading Up to the Pequot/English War of 1637
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An 8 page discussion of the war between the English and the Native American group known as the Pequot. Contends that the reasons behind this war were really quite simplistic. The first was the English desire for the land which the Pequot controlled. Equally important, however, was the English view of themselves as superior to the Native American people. The English war with the Pequot was indeed as much a reflection of the English intent to send a message of their military and cultural superiority to all Native Americans, people that they viewed as ungodly and savage creatures, and their desire to gain the resources of those people for their own colonists as it was any other factor. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnaPeqt.wps

Federal Indian Policy
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A 3 page paper which traces the evolution of federal Indian policy from Washington through Jackson. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAindpo.rtf