The Decline of Native American Culture
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A 5 page overview of the factors which have affected Native American culture. Defines Native American culture as being composed of a number of distinctive components. Relates the concern that while the number of Native Americans may be increasing, the cultures of many groups are being lost as they associate more and more with mainstream white America. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaDstr.wps

The Definition Of 'Native American'
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Provides a 7 page overview of the various factors which are used to determine whether or not a person is indeed a Native American. Stresses the importance of what is in the heart rather than phylogenetic or stereotypical images of what a 'true' Native American is. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Nawho.wps

The Development of the Native American in the Field of Entertainment
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A 4 page paper which examines the development of the Native American in the field of entertainment: films. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAntamth.rtf

The Eskimo Spirit in Death
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(6 pp). One of greatest human fears is death. We superstitiously think that if we don't talk about it, we do not have to deal with it, but according to Purnell's Model for Cultural Competence, mourning, death and its attending rituals are commonalities which all humans share. This discussion will examine death and its rituals among Eskimos . Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BBeskimo.doc

The Eskimo Spirit Never Dies.
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(6 pp).One of the greatest human fears is death. We superstitiously think that if we don't talk about it, we do not have to deal with it, but according to Purnell's Model for Cultural Competence, mourning, death and its attending rituals are commonalities which all humans share. This discussion will examine death and its rituals among Eskimos . Bibliography lists 7 sources - 2 visuals.
Filename: BBeskmoR.doc

The European Perception of and Impact to Native Americans
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A 4 page discussion of the ways Native Americans and Europeans differed and how these differences translated into differences in survivability in the Americas. Although initially they had the advantage, it was the Native Americans that were forced to change in regard to their lifeways and even their spirituality. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaenveurwmn.rtf

The Evolution of Laws Protecting Archaeological Resources and Native American Graves
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A 6 page overview of the laws that have been implemented to protect Native American antiquities and human remains. The author traces the legislative effort from the 1906 Antiquities Act through the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, the the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, and the California Native American Graves and Repatriation Act of 2001. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnaGraves.rtf

The Expansion of Cattle Ranching in the West
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An 8 page overview of the initiation of cattle ranching in the West. Traces the history of this land use from the Spanish land grants to the Treaty of Guadelupe Hildalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, in which Mexico ceded Arizona,California, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming to the United States. Continues in the history through the opening of the Cherokee strip in Oklahoma. Emphasizes that cattle ranching can have many adverse impacts in addition to its positive ones. Notes the displacement of indigenous peoples and animals which occurred as ancillary impacts to the expansion of cattle ranching in the West. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPranch.wps

The Games and Myth of the Maya
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A 7 page overview of the importance of Maya game and myth. The author contends that game and myth alike provide incredible insight into social customs, history, religion, spirit concerns and numerous other aspects of the people from whom it is spawned. Includes a one page Roman Numeral outline. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPmayaGm.rtf

The Great Dying
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5 pages in length. The Great Dying is historically known as a period of time two hundred and fifty-one million years ago where the earth suffered significant and overwhelming devastation. The most intriguing aspect about this mass extinction of plant and animal life is that scientists still have no concrete evidence why such a phenomenon occurred. That the planet lost more than ninety percent of all marine plant and animal life, as well as nearly seventy percent of all land species, makes one ponder the underlying spiritual reasons for such havoc. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCgrtdy.wps

The Healing Properties of Native American Tradition
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An 11 page overview of the importance of Native American tradition in healing Native American people and securing their place in modern society. This book uses examples from Eden Robinson’s “Monkey Beach”. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaShamanTrad.rtf

The Histiographical Debate Concerning Native American Survivability as Related to Land Ethic Verses That of Europeans During Colonial Times in the Americas
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A 15 page address of the question which has occupied historians for centuries, why were Native Americans not only able to survive but to thrive in a land where European colonists would at first flounder and many times perish? The author of this paper explores various sides of the debate to conclude that the speculations as to why this was the case vary dramatically and, although there is no singular answer, the distinction in the way that Native Americans and Europeans related with the land appears to be important. Bibliography lists 18 sources.
Filename: PPnaLnd.rtf

The Historical Decimation of Native American Culture and Lifeways
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A 4 page outline of the many injustices that were dealt the Native American peoples by those that invaded their lands. Many Native American groups have actually been wiped off the face of the earth by those that sought land, resources, and wealth in the Americas. Other Native American groups have endured centuries of torment at the hands of peoples that for the most part considered them subhuman. Native Americans have been forced off their traditional lands and confined on reservations that limited not only their traditional lifeways but also their spirit and their culture. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaGen2.rtf

The History of Lacrosse: From the Native American Stickball Game to the Game We Know Today
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A 9 page overview of the game Lacrosse. Traces the game from its origin among the Native Americans to the present day. Details the spiritual meaning of the game to Native Americans as well as its history among the non-Natives in their relations with Natives. Outlines the evolution in gear, rules, and playing fields. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPlacros.wps

The Impact of European Diseases on the Native American
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A 10 page exploration of the impacts of European introduced disease on the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas. Examines both biological and cultural reasons for the susceptibility of the Native peoples to these diseases. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Nadiseas.wps

The Impacts of Christianity on Zitkala Sa, A Yankton Sioux
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A 3 page discussion of the life and literary contributions of this nineteenth and early twentieth century Native American woman. A noted lecturer and writer, Zitkala would take many aspects of the white world to task. Her most resented target, however, was Christianity itself. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PPnaLtZt.rtf

The Impacts of Diabetes on Native Americans
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An 8 page overview of the problem of diabetes among Native American populations. The author provides statistics delineating the extent of this problem and suggests areas of intervention for medical personnel as well as social workers. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPnaDiab.rtf

The Impacts of History and Culture on Reading Level and Language Acquisition Among Native American Students
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A 5 page discussion of the historical and cultural factors explaining differences in reading comprehension and language acquisition between Native American students and mainstream students. Suggests that these differences revolve around differences in cultural schemata and differences in motivation. Utilized research in education to substantiate this suggestion. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPnaRead.wps

The Indigenous Women of Latin America: Factors Impacting Human Rights
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A 19 page overview of the numerous factors affecting the basic human rights of Latin America’s indigenous women. The author asserts that the indigenous women of Latin America have been suppressed by a number of societal factors. These factors revolve around their native traditions and societal expectations, the influence on the Europeans who colonized Latin America, globalization, and the rampant development of their homelands in a manner which degrades traditional land rights and serves to further adversely affect the rights of indigenous women. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPwmnLat.rtf

The Iroquois and their War with New France
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An 11 page overview of this critical time in history. The author details the motivations that prompted the various Iroquois alliances that arose. Bibliography lists six sources.
Filename: PPnaIroqFrnc.rtf

The Iroquois Fur Trade Wars
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(6 pp) "As to the natives of this country, I find them entirely savage and wild, strangers to all decency, yea, uncivil and stupid as garden poles, proficient in all wickedness and godlessness; devilish men, who serve nobody but the Devil …" Reverend Jonas Michaelius in 1628. This attitude, generally expressed by the colonists, allowed them to trade "trinkets" for furs. Various internal structures were already in place in the Iroquois Confederacy, which then dovetailed into the desire for European goods, and accelerated warfare among the woodland tribes. The fur trade was definitely a component in play, but not the actual cause of increased and deadly warfare, nor the accumulation of territory. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BBiroquo.doc

The Iroquois Fur Trade Wars.
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(6 pp) "As to the natives of this country, I find them entirely savage and wild, strangers to all decency, yea, uncivil and stupid as garden poles, proficient in all wickedness and godlessness; devilish men, who serve nobody but the Devil …" Reverend Jonas Michaelius in 1628. This attitude, generally expressed by the colonists, allowed them to trade "trinkets" for furs, but never understand their neighbors. Various internal structures were already in place in the Iroquois Confederacy, which then dovetailed into the desire for European goods, and accelerated warfare among the woodland tribes. The fur trade was definitely a component in play, but not the actual cause of increased and deadly warfare. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BBiroquR.doc

The Iroquois War Club
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An 8 page investigation of the Iroquois war club. This paper describes form and function both as they existed in pre-Contact times and as they changed after contact with European cultures. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaWarClub.rtf

The Klondike Gold Rush: Impacts to the Indigenous Peoples
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A 4 page overview of the years leading up to and following the Klondike Gold Rush. The author traces the various points of contact and contends that while the fur trade, whaling activities, and even a burgeoning salmon fishery led to more and more frequent contact between whites and indigenous inhabitant, that contact would be nothing in comparison to that which would result with the Gold Rush. Whole towns would spring up seemingly overnight as people flocked to the region. Whole cultures were decimated. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPnaGold.rtf

The Lakota Sun Dance: An Overview of the Interconnectivity With all Aspects of Lakota Culture and the Changes Incurred During the Reservation Period
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A 15 page overview of this sacred reflection of Lakota culture. The author points out that the Sun Dance is intertwined with such cultural elements as the Sacred Pipe, Lakota oral history, and even the most simplistic aspects of their ceremonial lives. The Sun Dance, after all is a circular ceremony and one with no beginning and no end. Although the Dancers of the Sun Dance gather and actually dance only at specific times, the Sun Dance interlaces all aspects of traditional Lakota culture. The author emphasizes that only the traditional Lakota people understand the full degree to which the Sun Dance interlaces their culture. Only the traditional Lakota, therefore can understand the full meaning of this ceremony and many, in fact, contend that the truths of the Sun Dance are sacred and should not be shared with non-Indians. Consequently, this paper attempts to provide a respectful yet informative overview of a very complex aspect of Lakota life while not intruding upon the sacred nature of that life. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPnaSunD.rtf

The League of Five Nations
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A 4 page overview of the formation and ultimate dissolution of the Iroquois League. This League lasted almost a century and gave the Native Americans a cohesive voice in one of the most turbulent times of history. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaLeag.rtf

The Legal Status of African Slaves and Native Americans From 1775 to 1840:
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This 5 page paper discusses the legal status of these two groups during the early colonial days of this country. Paper also discusses similarities between these two groups. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSLegal1.rtf

The Lewis and Clark Expedition: A Prelude to the Settlement of the West
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A 5 page discussion of the intent and long term ramifications of this infamous expedition. The United States was at the beginning of a period of tremendous change, change that was determined by numerous interrelated factors. The issues she was facing revolved around difficulties in Native American relations, the intricacies of Jacksonian Democracy, the strategics of westward expansion, and the ideology of Manifest Destiny. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPwestwa.rtf

The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Purpose, History and Impacts on Native America
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A 25 page discussion of the Lewis and Clark expedition of the early 1800s, that infamous expedition sponsored by the U.S.government in order to procure information about the lands to the west of the Mississippi River. Traces the route of the journey providing a chronological account of its progression and numerous quotes from the expedition journals. Contends that while the expedition would prove to be of tremendous benefit to the United States, and indeed be characterized by almost exclusively peaceful interactions to the Native Americans encountered along the way, it would have an underlying agenda of economic gain. This agenda would ultimately translate into an exploitation of the natural resources in the region and in an adverse impact to the cultures of the Native American peoples. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPnaLwis.wps

The Life of Sitting Bull
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A 5 page paper which traces the life of Sitting Bull from his birth in Dakota to his death at Wounded Knee, including references to the Ghost Dance, his involvement in the battle of Little Big Horn and his time with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. Bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: JLsitbul.wps

The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven
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This 3 page paper examines this story by Sherman Alexi, from the book by the same name, considering the content and the meaning of the story, the message it communicates and why it is so effective. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEloneto.rtf

The Man Eating Bird “Hokhokw” Mask of the Kwakiutl
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This is a 6 page paper discussing the man eating bird “Hokhokw” mask of the Kwakiutl Indians as displayed at the American Museum of Natural History. The mask was used in potlatch and secret ceremonies of the Kwakiutl and is an excellent example of the transformational masks of that time as the hinged beak opens and is used to snap during the dance rituals. Comparison to the Tlingit Shaman’s mask is made. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJKmask1.rtf

The Many Faces of Tourism
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A 10 page overview of the many forms that tourism can take. This paper points to the advantages of ecotourism and archaeotourism in protecting resources while generating revenues. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPtouris.rtf

The Mayans And Incas: Cultural Description And Impact Upon America
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4 pages in length. The writer discusses political, religious and cultural aspects of Mayan and Incan history. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCIncas.rtf

The Meeker War:
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This 5 page paper discusses the history of the Meeker War which involved the Ute Indians. Furthermore, this paper examines the issues surrounding this war such as the desire of Nathan Meeker and others to "reform" the Ute Indians into Christian farmers. Bibligraphy lists 4 sources.
Filename: GSMeeker.rtf

The Miami Indians: History and Culture
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An 8 page discussion of the Miami Indians, indigenous representatives of the Eastern Woodlands. Provides a brief history of the Miami since contact with Europeans and outlines the cultural changes which they have experienced. Emphasizes that Miami Indians today are often identical in their appearance and lifeways to non-Indians yet many retain remnants of their traditional culture. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPmiami.wps

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and the Controversy of the Kennewick Man
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This is a 7 page paper discussing NAGPRA and the controversy over the Kennewick Man. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990 which outlined the conditions for the repatriation of Native American remains and artifacts from archeological projects, museums and agencies. Since it was passed, a great deal of controversy has surrounded the act especially in the case of the Kennewick Man. The Kennewick Man was a 9,300 old skeleton found near the Columbia River in Washington in 1996. Following the guidelines of the act, the Department of the Interior wanted to hand over the remains to a nearby Native American tribe without scientific examination. Archaeologists brought the case to court using the argument that not only was the find critical to the development of the theories of migration in North America but also there was evidence that the Kennewick Man was not even of Indian origin. Overall, anthropologists and scientists believe that NAGPRA was made out of political considerations for the Native Americans but elevates the religious beliefs of Native Americans over those of other Americans, making it a violation of the First Amendment to the Constitution and disregarding the field of science. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJNAGPR1.rtf

The Native American Pow Wow
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A 7 page review of the sights and events found at a contemporary pow wow. The author relates the cultural significance of the pow wow, along with information on its origin. Some say the pow wow dates to prehistory while other say is a relatively new arrival in Native American culture. The author emphasizes the importance of the opportunity for the people to gather and socialize, to dance, and to procure needed and desired trade goods. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaPowW.rtf

The Nez Perce
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A 7 page overview of the impacts endured by the Nez Perce at the hands of the white encroachers to their lands. Starting with the initial contact made with the Nez Perce made by the Lewis and Clark expedition, this paper ends with Chief Joseph's surrender at the end of his and his people's 1500 mile eastward journey towards the Canadian border. Bibliography lists sources.
Filename: PPnaNezP.rtf

The Puritan Perspective and the Unredeemed Captive
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This 4 page paper considers the views of Eunice William's father and his unsuccessful attempts to redeem his daughter after her capture at the hands of Mohawk Indians. This paper considers the way in which the Reverend William's behavior reflected his staunchly puritan ideals and his desire to live a puritan life. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MHcapti2.wps

The Relationship Between Form and Content within N. Scott Momaday’s Works “House Made of Dawn” and “The Way to Rainy Mountain”
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This is a 6 page paper discussing form and content in works of N. Scott Momaday. N. Scott Momaday, a Native American writer who first won the Pulitzer Prize in 1969 has a unique presentation within his works. In “House Made of Dawn” (1968) Momaday relates the story of Abel, a young Jemez Pueblo Indian returning from World War II and who goes about a journey of self-discovery in which Momaday intermingles Abel’s imaginative thoughts, mythical stories and reality throughout. In “The Way to Rainy Mountain” (1969) an autobiographical collection, Momaday recounts his own journey back to Rainy Mountain through a series of poems, legends, drawings and historical facts about the Kiowa Indians. In both works, Momaday uses a fragmented format which reflects the fragmentation of the content which is occurring within the central characters. This fragmentation gradually comes together by the end of each work to present the reader and the characters with a sense of the “whole” person used to describe Abel and Momaday in their journeys of return and self-discovery. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TJMomad1.rtf

The Relationship Between Landscape and Mythology Among the Hopi
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A 5 page discussion of Hopi mythology as it related to landscape and environment. The Hopi myth of how they are charged with caring for the fourth world is related and a discussion is provided as to how landscape serves as an important in such myths. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhopiEn.rtf

The Relationship Between Shamanism and Psychotherapy
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This 5 page paper relates the two worlds that, as it turns out, are not so dissimilar. Jung's study of Shamanism is explored. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA115sha.wps

The Role Of Native Americans And African Americans In The Post-Revolutionary Period
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2.5 pages in length. The writer discusses the cultural injustices imposed upon the Native Americans and African Americans in post-revolutionary America. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCNAAfr.rtf

The Role of Natural Selection in the Australian Aborigine
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5 pages. This report explains the biological characteristics of the Australian Aborigines and how they came to have these certain identifying characteristics based on the role of natural selection. The report thoroughly explains just what natural selection means and how it is derived. The Australian Aborigine peoples are described as to their identifying characteristics in order to consider the population that is being studied. It is also shown herein that the traits that are inherent to the Aborigines were in fact produced by natural selection. The summation of the report considers what the most apparent traits are and how these traits were produced through the process of biological natural selection. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAaborg.wps