The Iroquois and their War with New France
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An 11 page overview of this critical time in history. The author details the motivations that prompted the various Iroquois alliances that arose. Bibliography lists six sources.
Filename: PPnaIroqFrnc.rtf

The Iroquois Fur Trade Wars
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(6 pp) "As to the natives of this country, I find them entirely savage and wild, strangers to all decency, yea, uncivil and stupid as garden poles, proficient in all wickedness and godlessness; devilish men, who serve nobody but the Devil …" Reverend Jonas Michaelius in 1628. This attitude, generally expressed by the colonists, allowed them to trade "trinkets" for furs. Various internal structures were already in place in the Iroquois Confederacy, which then dovetailed into the desire for European goods, and accelerated warfare among the woodland tribes. The fur trade was definitely a component in play, but not the actual cause of increased and deadly warfare, nor the accumulation of territory. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BBiroquo.doc

The Iroquois Fur Trade Wars.
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(6 pp) "As to the natives of this country, I find them entirely savage and wild, strangers to all decency, yea, uncivil and stupid as garden poles, proficient in all wickedness and godlessness; devilish men, who serve nobody but the Devil …" Reverend Jonas Michaelius in 1628. This attitude, generally expressed by the colonists, allowed them to trade "trinkets" for furs, but never understand their neighbors. Various internal structures were already in place in the Iroquois Confederacy, which then dovetailed into the desire for European goods, and accelerated warfare among the woodland tribes. The fur trade was definitely a component in play, but not the actual cause of increased and deadly warfare. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BBiroquR.doc

The Iroquois War Club
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An 8 page investigation of the Iroquois war club. This paper describes form and function both as they existed in pre-Contact times and as they changed after contact with European cultures. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaWarClub.rtf

The Klondike Gold Rush: Impacts to the Indigenous Peoples
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A 4 page overview of the years leading up to and following the Klondike Gold Rush. The author traces the various points of contact and contends that while the fur trade, whaling activities, and even a burgeoning salmon fishery led to more and more frequent contact between whites and indigenous inhabitant, that contact would be nothing in comparison to that which would result with the Gold Rush. Whole towns would spring up seemingly overnight as people flocked to the region. Whole cultures were decimated. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPnaGold.rtf

The Lakota Sun Dance: An Overview of the Interconnectivity With all Aspects of Lakota Culture and the Changes Incurred During the Reservation Period
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A 15 page overview of this sacred reflection of Lakota culture. The author points out that the Sun Dance is intertwined with such cultural elements as the Sacred Pipe, Lakota oral history, and even the most simplistic aspects of their ceremonial lives. The Sun Dance, after all is a circular ceremony and one with no beginning and no end. Although the Dancers of the Sun Dance gather and actually dance only at specific times, the Sun Dance interlaces all aspects of traditional Lakota culture. The author emphasizes that only the traditional Lakota people understand the full degree to which the Sun Dance interlaces their culture. Only the traditional Lakota, therefore can understand the full meaning of this ceremony and many, in fact, contend that the truths of the Sun Dance are sacred and should not be shared with non-Indians. Consequently, this paper attempts to provide a respectful yet informative overview of a very complex aspect of Lakota life while not intruding upon the sacred nature of that life. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPnaSunD.rtf

The League of Five Nations
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A 4 page overview of the formation and ultimate dissolution of the Iroquois League. This League lasted almost a century and gave the Native Americans a cohesive voice in one of the most turbulent times of history. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaLeag.rtf

The Legal Status of African Slaves and Native Americans From 1775 to 1840:
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This 5 page paper discusses the legal status of these two groups during the early colonial days of this country. Paper also discusses similarities between these two groups. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSLegal1.rtf

The Lewis and Clark Expedition: A Prelude to the Settlement of the West
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A 5 page discussion of the intent and long term ramifications of this infamous expedition. The United States was at the beginning of a period of tremendous change, change that was determined by numerous interrelated factors. The issues she was facing revolved around difficulties in Native American relations, the intricacies of Jacksonian Democracy, the strategics of westward expansion, and the ideology of Manifest Destiny. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPwestwa.rtf

The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Purpose, History and Impacts on Native America
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A 25 page discussion of the Lewis and Clark expedition of the early 1800s, that infamous expedition sponsored by the U.S.government in order to procure information about the lands to the west of the Mississippi River. Traces the route of the journey providing a chronological account of its progression and numerous quotes from the expedition journals. Contends that while the expedition would prove to be of tremendous benefit to the United States, and indeed be characterized by almost exclusively peaceful interactions to the Native Americans encountered along the way, it would have an underlying agenda of economic gain. This agenda would ultimately translate into an exploitation of the natural resources in the region and in an adverse impact to the cultures of the Native American peoples. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPnaLwis.wps

The Life of Sitting Bull
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A 5 page paper which traces the life of Sitting Bull from his birth in Dakota to his death at Wounded Knee, including references to the Ghost Dance, his involvement in the battle of Little Big Horn and his time with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. Bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: JLsitbul.wps

The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven
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This 3 page paper examines this story by Sherman Alexi, from the book by the same name, considering the content and the meaning of the story, the message it communicates and why it is so effective. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEloneto.rtf

The Man Eating Bird “Hokhokw” Mask of the Kwakiutl
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This is a 6 page paper discussing the man eating bird “Hokhokw” mask of the Kwakiutl Indians as displayed at the American Museum of Natural History. The mask was used in potlatch and secret ceremonies of the Kwakiutl and is an excellent example of the transformational masks of that time as the hinged beak opens and is used to snap during the dance rituals. Comparison to the Tlingit Shaman’s mask is made. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJKmask1.rtf

The Many Faces of Tourism
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A 10 page overview of the many forms that tourism can take. This paper points to the advantages of ecotourism and archaeotourism in protecting resources while generating revenues. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPtouris.rtf

The Mayans And Incas: Cultural Description And Impact Upon America
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4 pages in length. The writer discusses political, religious and cultural aspects of Mayan and Incan history. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCIncas.rtf

The Meeker War:
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This 5 page paper discusses the history of the Meeker War which involved the Ute Indians. Furthermore, this paper examines the issues surrounding this war such as the desire of Nathan Meeker and others to "reform" the Ute Indians into Christian farmers. Bibligraphy lists 4 sources.
Filename: GSMeeker.rtf

The Miami Indians: History and Culture
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An 8 page discussion of the Miami Indians, indigenous representatives of the Eastern Woodlands. Provides a brief history of the Miami since contact with Europeans and outlines the cultural changes which they have experienced. Emphasizes that Miami Indians today are often identical in their appearance and lifeways to non-Indians yet many retain remnants of their traditional culture. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPmiami.wps

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and the Controversy of the Kennewick Man
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This is a 7 page paper discussing NAGPRA and the controversy over the Kennewick Man. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990 which outlined the conditions for the repatriation of Native American remains and artifacts from archeological projects, museums and agencies. Since it was passed, a great deal of controversy has surrounded the act especially in the case of the Kennewick Man. The Kennewick Man was a 9,300 old skeleton found near the Columbia River in Washington in 1996. Following the guidelines of the act, the Department of the Interior wanted to hand over the remains to a nearby Native American tribe without scientific examination. Archaeologists brought the case to court using the argument that not only was the find critical to the development of the theories of migration in North America but also there was evidence that the Kennewick Man was not even of Indian origin. Overall, anthropologists and scientists believe that NAGPRA was made out of political considerations for the Native Americans but elevates the religious beliefs of Native Americans over those of other Americans, making it a violation of the First Amendment to the Constitution and disregarding the field of science. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJNAGPR1.rtf

The Native American Pow Wow
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A 7 page review of the sights and events found at a contemporary pow wow. The author relates the cultural significance of the pow wow, along with information on its origin. Some say the pow wow dates to prehistory while other say is a relatively new arrival in Native American culture. The author emphasizes the importance of the opportunity for the people to gather and socialize, to dance, and to procure needed and desired trade goods. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaPowW.rtf

The Nez Perce
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A 7 page overview of the impacts endured by the Nez Perce at the hands of the white encroachers to their lands. Starting with the initial contact made with the Nez Perce made by the Lewis and Clark expedition, this paper ends with Chief Joseph's surrender at the end of his and his people's 1500 mile eastward journey towards the Canadian border. Bibliography lists sources.
Filename: PPnaNezP.rtf

The Nineteenth Century Ghost Dance Era
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A 7 page investigation of this critical point in Native American and US history. This paper explores the differences that existed between the Native view of what was right and the white view. Bibliography lists sources.
Filename: PPnaGhstDncEra.rtf

The Puritan Perspective and the Unredeemed Captive
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This 4 page paper considers the views of Eunice William's father and his unsuccessful attempts to redeem his daughter after her capture at the hands of Mohawk Indians. This paper considers the way in which the Reverend William's behavior reflected his staunchly puritan ideals and his desire to live a puritan life. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MHcapti2.wps

The Relationship Between Form and Content within N. Scott Momaday’s Works “House Made of Dawn” and “The Way to Rainy Mountain”
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This is a 6 page paper discussing form and content in works of N. Scott Momaday. N. Scott Momaday, a Native American writer who first won the Pulitzer Prize in 1969 has a unique presentation within his works. In “House Made of Dawn” (1968) Momaday relates the story of Abel, a young Jemez Pueblo Indian returning from World War II and who goes about a journey of self-discovery in which Momaday intermingles Abel’s imaginative thoughts, mythical stories and reality throughout. In “The Way to Rainy Mountain” (1969) an autobiographical collection, Momaday recounts his own journey back to Rainy Mountain through a series of poems, legends, drawings and historical facts about the Kiowa Indians. In both works, Momaday uses a fragmented format which reflects the fragmentation of the content which is occurring within the central characters. This fragmentation gradually comes together by the end of each work to present the reader and the characters with a sense of the “whole” person used to describe Abel and Momaday in their journeys of return and self-discovery. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TJMomad1.rtf

The Relationship Between Landscape and Mythology Among the Hopi
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A 5 page discussion of Hopi mythology as it related to landscape and environment. The Hopi myth of how they are charged with caring for the fourth world is related and a discussion is provided as to how landscape serves as an important in such myths. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhopiEn.rtf

The Relationship Between Shamanism and Psychotherapy
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This 5 page paper relates the two worlds that, as it turns out, are not so dissimilar. Jung's study of Shamanism is explored. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA115sha.wps

The Role Of Native Americans And African Americans In The Post-Revolutionary Period
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2.5 pages in length. The writer discusses the cultural injustices imposed upon the Native Americans and African Americans in post-revolutionary America. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCNAAfr.rtf

The Role of Natural Selection in the Australian Aborigine
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5 pages. This report explains the biological characteristics of the Australian Aborigines and how they came to have these certain identifying characteristics based on the role of natural selection. The report thoroughly explains just what natural selection means and how it is derived. The Australian Aborigine peoples are described as to their identifying characteristics in order to consider the population that is being studied. It is also shown herein that the traits that are inherent to the Aborigines were in fact produced by natural selection. The summation of the report considers what the most apparent traits are and how these traits were produced through the process of biological natural selection. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAaborg.wps

The Shoshone: Subsistence and Culture
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A 5 page discussion of the Shoshone, the indigenous inhabitants of the Great Basin region of the American West. Provides extensive details of their precontact subsistence patterns and ceremonial activity. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPshoshC.wps

The Struggle for Identity in Both Leslie Silko’s “Ceremony” and Louise Erdrich’s “Love Medicine”
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This 7 page report discusses the struggle for identity among modern Native American characters in two separate novels. For a people who never questioned who they were or their role in the natural order of life and their place in the world, such an effort becomes one in which cultures clash and the primary characters are forced to determine who they are in the context of their traditional world and the dominant culture of modern America. Louise Erdrich’s “Love Medicine” portrays the results of cultural devastation as well as personal injury and pain, it also shows a way back to health and contentment. Leslie Marmon Silko’s “Ceremony” offers a view that a person must deal with the fact that his body seems to be little more than nothing in the larger, pre-existing, and ceremonial patterns of his people. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BWidstrug.wps

The Subjugation of the Apache and the Invasion of Their Lands
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A 14 page overview of the impacts the Apache faced at the hands of the whites that invaded and took their land. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPnaApache.rtf

The Taino Indians: History, Material Culture and Spanish Impact
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A 16 page overview of the culture of the Taino (Arawak) Indians, the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas who first came into contact with Columbus. The author utilizes both the archaeological and the written record to relate the history and material culture of these people. Emphasizes the importance of the findings at two archaeological sites, Los Buchillones and Manantial se la Aleta in understanding both the lifeways and the ultimate downfall of the Taino people. Concludes that while the Taino were not totally decimated, their are a few who claim to be survivors, Taino culture is forever lost. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPtaino.wps

The Tipi of the Plains Indians
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A 4 page description of the versatile and ingenious home of the Plains Indian. The author describes design, erection, and meaning. The tipi, of course, is just one element of the material culture of Plains lifeways. It is an element that is particularly interesting, however, due to its evolution over time and its representation of the complexity of Plain's beliefs and lifeways.
Filename: PPnaPlai.rtf

The Trail of Tears: Issues of Sovereignty
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A 4 page discussion of the Trail of Tears and its injustices. This paper targets those injustices from the perspective of tribal sovereignty. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaTrailOfTears.rtf

The Truth About Stories by Thomas King
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A 4 page report on The Truth About Stories: A Native Narrative by Thomas King. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAnanag.rtf

The Universal Pattern of Stickball: From the Indigenous Inhabitants of the Americas to the Europeans who Invaded Their Lands
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An 11 page history of the indigenous Native American “game” of stickball and the evolution of this sport to the modern version we know today as lacrosse. Emphasizes the spiritual and ceremonial aspects of the game, noting that in many cases it was used as a means of preparing the people for war. It would come to have a considerable impact on non-Natives as well. Contends that on close examination it becomes apparent that there is a universal pattern in the game of lacrosse or stickball which extends throughout the various cultures and peoples who have engaged in it. This is true in historical times between peoples such as the Cherokee and Iroquois but this universal pattern extends much further as well. It extends in fact from the indigenous peoples who inhabited this continent prior to the arrival of the Europeans who invaded their lands all the way to contemporary times. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPnaBall.wps

Theories Regarding Mayan Social, Economic, Cultural and Technological Development
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A 3 page discussion of the factors that are believed to have affected Mayan development. The author of this paper contends that strong central organization and connection that is emphasized by the existence of large cultural centers is explicative of this development. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaMaya.rtf

Thomas A. Bailey and the Trail of Tears
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This 6 page paper discusses historian Thomas A. Bailey's statement that the "only feasible solution to the white-red problem seemed to be the removal of the Eastern Indians, in a body, to the Great Plains West." Using the example of the Cherokees and their experience of the Trail of Tears, the paper argues that removal did not solve the "Indian problem," that the removal did not work, that it was unjust, that there were alternatives, and that Bailey's position on the matter is invalid. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVBailey.rtf

Thomas Jefferson: The Ideological Conflict of the Concept of Equality
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An 8 page discussion of Thomas Jefferson's actions towards blacks and Native Americans. The author contends that in regard to his handling of slavery and Native American land rights Jefferson wavered considerably from his professed belief in the ideology of true equality. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPjeffrs.rtf

Thomas King's 'Green Grass, Running Water' – Tricksters
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8 pages in length. The purpose and importance of the trickster in Thomas King's Green Grass, Running Water is to parody the conventional – and more often than not wholly inaccurate – literary portrayal of Native Americans. That King's approach is saturated with a scathing wittiness alongside a biting reality speaks to the need for a close re-evaluation of why Indian lore and storytelling became so fallacious over the centuries. No additional sources cited.
Filename: TLCTrickstr.rtf

Thomas King/Medicine River
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A 3 page essay that examines the basic theme of community in King's novel, Medicine River. The main story line in Thomas King's Medicine River (1989) concerns the efforts of the protagonist, Will, a Blackfoot bachelor and photographer. A great deal of the novel, which relates an intricately woven story about belonging and it means to come home, deals with what it means to be part of a community. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khmedriv.rtf

Thomas King/Medicine River and Canadian Literature
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A 3 page research paper that discusses how Thomas King’s novel Medicine River is an example of Native Canadian literature and differs from mainstream literature. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: khtkmed.rtf

Thomas Whitecloud's Blue Winds Dancing
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Blue Winds Dancing is an autobiographical account of a young man's journey into the world of cultural polarities. This 5 page paper argues that the value of the story can be found in the questioning of social orientation, the resolution of the conflict and the process that the young man takes in determining his own place within the cultural context of self definition. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: KTwhtcld.wps

Through The Gates Of Splendor
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A 5 page paper that discusses and reports certain aspects of the true story of five missionaries who were martyred in 1956 as told by Elisabeth Elliot in the entitled book. The paper provides a summary of the book, the principles of missionaries that are exemplified in the story with Scriptural support for those principles. The paper ends with the writer's comments on lessons learned. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGthsplb.RTF

Two Cultures: Canadian First Peoples and the Maori of New Zealand
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This 5 page paper compares and contrasts the First Peoples of Canada and the Maoris of New Zealand. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HV2Cltrs.rtf

U.S. – Native American Relations from 1850-1890
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This 3 page paper discusses the way in which the U.S. government interacted with the Native Americans from approximately 1850-1890, a period generally called the "Indian Wars." Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVUSNaAm.rtf