Thomas A. Bailey and the Trail of Tears
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This 6 page paper discusses historian Thomas A. Bailey's statement that the "only feasible solution to the white-red problem seemed to be the removal of the Eastern Indians, in a body, to the Great Plains West." Using the example of the Cherokees and their experience of the Trail of Tears, the paper argues that removal did not solve the "Indian problem," that the removal did not work, that it was unjust, that there were alternatives, and that Bailey's position on the matter is invalid. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVBailey.rtf

Thomas Jefferson: The Ideological Conflict of the Concept of Equality
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An 8 page discussion of Thomas Jefferson's actions towards blacks and Native Americans. The author contends that in regard to his handling of slavery and Native American land rights Jefferson wavered considerably from his professed belief in the ideology of true equality. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPjeffrs.rtf

Thomas King's 'Green Grass, Running Water' – Tricksters
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8 pages in length. The purpose and importance of the trickster in Thomas King's Green Grass, Running Water is to parody the conventional – and more often than not wholly inaccurate – literary portrayal of Native Americans. That King's approach is saturated with a scathing wittiness alongside a biting reality speaks to the need for a close re-evaluation of why Indian lore and storytelling became so fallacious over the centuries. No additional sources cited.
Filename: TLCTrickstr.rtf

Thomas King/Medicine River
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A 3 page essay that examines the basic theme of community in King's novel, Medicine River. The main story line in Thomas King's Medicine River (1989) concerns the efforts of the protagonist, Will, a Blackfoot bachelor and photographer. A great deal of the novel, which relates an intricately woven story about belonging and it means to come home, deals with what it means to be part of a community. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khmedriv.rtf

Thomas King/Medicine River and Canadian Literature
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A 3 page research paper that discusses how Thomas King’s novel Medicine River is an example of Native Canadian literature and differs from mainstream literature. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: khtkmed.rtf

Thomas Whitecloud's Blue Winds Dancing
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Blue Winds Dancing is an autobiographical account of a young man's journey into the world of cultural polarities. This 5 page paper argues that the value of the story can be found in the questioning of social orientation, the resolution of the conflict and the process that the young man takes in determining his own place within the cultural context of self definition. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: KTwhtcld.wps

Through The Gates Of Splendor
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A 5 page paper that discusses and reports certain aspects of the true story of five missionaries who were martyred in 1956 as told by Elisabeth Elliot in the entitled book. The paper provides a summary of the book, the principles of missionaries that are exemplified in the story with Scriptural support for those principles. The paper ends with the writer's comments on lessons learned. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGthsplb.RTF

Two Cultures: Canadian First Peoples and the Maori of New Zealand
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This 5 page paper compares and contrasts the First Peoples of Canada and the Maoris of New Zealand. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HV2Cltrs.rtf

U.S. Policies Regarding Native Americans: 1865-1896
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A 5 page overview of U.S. Indian policies between the years of 1865 and 1896. This paper asserts that while many of these policies were deleterious, none were more so than policies regarding Native American land. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaPoli.rtf

U.S. – Native American Relations from 1850-1890
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This 3 page paper discusses the way in which the U.S. government interacted with the Native Americans from approximately 1850-1890, a period generally called the "Indian Wars." Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVUSNaAm.rtf

Variations in European and Native American Interactions
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A 3 page review of the interactions that occurred during colonial times between Native Americans and the Europeans that invaded their lands. The author observes differences in colonial administration and goals Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaEuropDiplomacy.rtf

Walt Whitman's View of Native Americans:
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This 4 page paper examines the perspective of Walt Whitman regarding Native Americans as evidenced through his poetry. This paper examines "Song of Myself" specifically in order to illustrate the compassion and respect that Whitman had for the Native Americans. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSWaltNA.rtf

Ward Churchill's "Perversions of Justice"
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A 6 page paper which explains and analyzes Ward Churchill's "Perversions of Justice." Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: RAward8.rtf

Was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 a Good Idea?
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This 6 page paper provides an overview of this issue. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was an Act to conserve and develop Indian lands and resources; to extend to Indians the right to form business and other organization; to establish a credit system for Indians; to grant certain rights of home rule to Indians; to provide for vocational education for Indians; and for other purposes. At the time of its creation, it was believed that this Act would serve to give back to the Indians the kind of control that was taken from them when the United States participated in an act of mass genocide. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHTriba2.rtf

Well-Baby Checkup: Considerations for a Native American Baby
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A 6 page review of the factors that should be considered in well-baby checkups. The author emphasizes that while the specifics of these checkups can vary in accordance with race and culture, this variation must be determined on the basis of fact rather than stereotypical misperceptions. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaBaby.rtf

Women and Their Captivity in Cooper’s “The Last of the Mohicans” and Rowlandson’s “A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson”: The Use of Strength, Sexuality and Purity
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This is a 6 page paper on a comparison of Cooper’s “The Last of the Mohicans” and Rowlandson’s “A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson” in regards to strength, sexuality and purity. James Fenimore Cooper’s “The Last of the Mohicans” and Mary Rowlandson’s “A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson” both tell stories of female captives during the Indian colonial wars in the Eastern U.S. In Cooper’s work of fiction, he tells the story of Cora Munro and how she provides the strength needed to allow her pure sister to survive their captivity. Cora is of mixed blood but still finds the idea of marrying Magua the Huron “morally repugnant”. Cooper was also criticized after the publication of the work in his insinuation of doubting the purity of the colonists. Rowlandson’s true account of her own captivity stressed that she found her strength to survive her ordeal through the purity of the Psalms of the Puritan religion. Rowlandson’s strength came from her religion whereas Cora’s came from within herself and her use of her powerful sexuality: the colonist ideals remain intact however as Rowlandson survived and the impure Cora dies. These ideals of the importance of pure blood lines are still seen today in the rapes which are reported during wartime in Joanne Barkan’s article on the Serbian rape camps of Yugoslavia which were meant to bring impurity to the blood lines of the Muslims. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJfeInd1.rtf

Words and Vision
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This 5 page report discusses the connection that exists between words and vision and the fact that the words spoken by any particular group of people rarely reflects their vision in term of how they themselves mean it to be presented. “Black Elk Speaks,” The Old Man and the Medal” are discussed, as is the idea of cultural hegemony as presented by Benjamin Barber and Ben Bagdikian. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWwordsv.wps

“A Narrative of the Captivity & Removal of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson”
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A 4 page review of this narrative first published in 1682 after the authors experience as a captive of the Narragansett, Native Americans residing in New England during the initial colonial intrusions there. The contention is presented that, while the trauma endured by Rowlandson was indeed horrific, the Native actions were in themselves the result of the colonial intrusions into their land and, in particular, the Puritan view of them as inferior beings. Bibliography lists two sources.
Filename: PPnaCptv.rtf

“Assault on Paradise”: Cultural Lessons from the Fictional Novel By Tatiana Lobo
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A 5 page discussion of the parallels between the events which unfold in the fictional novel by Costa Rican author Tatiana Lobo and history. Recounts the impacts of the Spanish colonists on the indigenous peoples of Costa Rica, emphasizing that the Spanish greed and disregard for cultural uniqueness translated into the decimation of a culture and a people in Costa Rica just as it did across the Americas. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaPara.wps

“Body Indian” by Hanay Geiogamah
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A 4 page analysis of a quote from Hanay Geiogamah’s play “Body Indian.” No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAbdind.rtf

“Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700-1835”: A Review of the Book by Theda Perdue
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A 5 page overview of the key concepts presented in this 1999 publication. This paper contends that is a much needed treatise on gender issues which have been so frequently overlooked by the world’s predominantly white male anthropologists and historians. A particular emphasis is placed on examining a woman’s role in regard to the family, her husband, and her male relatives on her mother’s side of the family in regard to child rearing. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaChWm.rtf

“Ethnocentricity and Indigenous Nations”
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A seven page paper which looks at the way in which the ethnocentric perceptions of European colonisation mediated against the interests of indigenous native populations, and the effect which this has had up to the present day in terms of cultural assimilation and the marginalisation of native peoples. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JL2ethnocentricity.wps

“Fort Chipewyan Homecoming, A Journey to Native Canada”: A Review of the Book by Morningstar Mercredi”
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A 5 page discussion of the content and curricular merit of this book illustrating the journey of twelve-year old Matthew Dunn’s trip back to his mother’s tribal homeland in northeastern Alberta. This paper contends that this book is a welcome change from many of the more stereotypical depictions of Native Americans. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaChpw.rtf

“Keeping Promises: What Is Sovereignty and Other Questions About Indian Country”
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A 4 page consideration of the question of “Who is a Native American?”. Using the book by Betty Reid, Ben Winton, and Gwendolen Gates, the author of this paper emphasizes the importance of land, language, sovereignty, and lineage in defining who is and who is not Native American. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaSovKeepingProm.rtf

“Major Problems in California History”
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A 6 page review of some of the early history of California as it relates to missionary interaction with Native Americans. This paper explores the work of Father Geronimo Boscana, Fr. Jayme, Fr. Serra, and Douglas Monroy. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PPnaCalMission.rtf

“Native Indian Wedding Customs”
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A paper which looks at the way in which some Native Indian wedding customs have survived over the years, whereas other forms of marriage practices, such as polygamy, have been rendered illegal. The paper considers various elements of traditional weddings, and also the way in which these ceremonies are regarded both by Native people themselves and those outside Native communities. Bibliography lists 6 sources
Filename: JLnativewedding.wps

“Native Roots”: A Review of the Book by Jack Weatherford
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A 5 page discussion of the numerous lessons presented in this book on Native American history and the culture’s impacts on the Europeans who invaded Native lands. This book offers a provocative view of the manner in which mainstream America is indebted to its indigenous inhabitants the Native Americans. Despite the lack of recognition of the fact, many attributes of Native knowledge and culture became slowly and indelibly engraved into white culture. In “Native Roots” Weatherford presents a clear and logical argument that what developed even more slowly over the years which would follow was an interdependence of white and Native American culture. The author of this paper contends that the scenario which is related in “Native Roots” has a number of implications, particularly to the liberal arts classroom. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPnaRoot.rtf

“No Turning Back: A Hopi Indian Woman's Struggle to Live in Two Worlds”: A Review of the Book by Polingaysi Qoyawayma
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An 11 page review of Polingaysi Qoyawayma’s “No Turning Back: A Hopi Indian Woman's Struggle to Live in Two Worlds”. This paper investigates the life struggle of a Hopi woman who as a child was one of the first Hopi children ever to be educated in white schools and who as an adult had a difficult time balancing her Native commitment to the life she made in the white world. Ironically, she would later become the first Hopi teacher to teach within the same schools she had attended as a child. Her entire life, however, would be an apparent struggle between native and white lifeways. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnaHopW.rtf

“Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early North America”: A Review of the Book by Gary Nash
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A 7 page overview of Nash’s views on the impacts inflicted on Native Americans and African Americans by European colonists. Notes that any culture’s objective is cultural survival and that it is not that unique to emphasize one’s own survival even if it means the decimation of another. No additional sources are provided.
Filename: PPnaNash.rtf

“Sitting Bull and the Paradox of the Lakota Nationhood”
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A 4 page review of the book by Gary Clayton Anderson. The author details the contradictions which are inherent in the historical pronouncement of the Lakota people as a "nation". Anderson's thesis is that the final recognition of the Lakota as a nation was indeed a paradox. Not only had the U.S. government never historically recognized the Lakota as a true nation and would fail to give that recognition even after they themselves had pronounced the Lakota a nation, they withheld the designation until a time when the Lakota were least capable of acting as a nation. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaStB2.rtf

“Sun Chief”: A Review of Hopi Culture and Belief
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A 5 page discussion of some of the central premises presented in this autobiography edited by Leo Simmons. The early life of Hopi Indian Talayesva illustrates that of one who is caught between two cultures, his traditional culture and mainstream American culture. This imbalance is actually one which is addressed by the traditional Hopi view of balance, a view which equally encompasses the balance between the modern world and traditions and the balance between the more primitive elements of life. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaSunC.rtf

“The American Indians”: A Critique of the Web Site
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A 4 page overview of this web site and its features. The author concludes that this is more of a commercial site than a site designed solely to provide a lesson in American history. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaWebSiteEval.rtf

“The Apache wars”
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A twelve page paper which looks at the origins and progress of the wars between the Apache Indians and the Americans during the nineteenth century, with reference to the different strategies which were employed by both sides, the role played by Apache leaders such as Geronimo, the importance of Apache scouts to the American troops and the eventual outcome of the conflict in terms of the cultural development of the Indian nations. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: JLApache.rtf

“The Film ‘Pocahontas’ and Native Culture”
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A six page paper which looks at the Disney film ‘Pocahontas’ and the way in which it contributes to misconceptions and inaccuracies about Native American history, culture and religious beliefs, as well as misrepresenting the life of the woman on whom the film is based. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: JLpocah.wps

“The Great Taos Bank Robbery and Other Indian Country Affairs": A Review of the Collection of Short Stories by Tony Hillerman
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A 10 page overview of the book by Tony Hillerman. Contrasts Hillerman’s style of objective journalism which is found in this book with that of his who-done-it mysteries with which we most often associate him. Weaving his unique blend of humor and objective reporting, in “The Great Taos Bank Robbery and Other Indian Country Affairs” Hillerman presents both the present and the past in the lives and land of one of the most interesting regions of Native America. This paper concentrates on the historical detail Hillerman provides in “The Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo”. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPhllrmn.wps

“The West”: An Intellectual Reaction to Burns and Ives Documentaries on the American West and the Native American Peoples who Inhabited that Region
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A 5 page discussion of the information presented in the PBS series by filmmaker Ken Burns and Director Stephen Ives. This series leaves an indelible impression of the historical and cultural changes which the West would undergo between the latter part of the nineteenth century and the first couple of decades in the twentieth century. Emphasizes the changes undergone by the Native American inhabitants of this area. No additional sources listed.
Filename: PPnaWest.wps

“Truth and Bright Water”: A Review of the Novel by Thomas King
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A 5 page overview of the novel by Thomas King. Outlines the novel’s theme and emphasizes that in reality it is characterized by a duality of theme. Suggests that the names of the towns themselves are suggestive of this duality as are the differences between the characters and even the differences between these characters innate Indianness and the commercial Indianness which they sometimes call into play.
Filename: PPbrghtW.wps