The Determinism Philosophy of Baron d'Holbach vs. the Free Will of William James
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A 5 page paper which contrasts the philosophy of determinism, advocated by Baron d'Holbach (Paul Henri Thiry) with William James' freedom of the will. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TGholjam.wps

The Development Of Natural Law
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A 3 page paper that begins with a definition of natural law. The writer then explores thoughts on natural law from Socrates, Plato, St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGntrlw.rtf

The Ethical Theories of Immanuel Kant: Description, Application and Criticisms
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This is a 12 page paper discussing the ethical theories of Immanuel Kant. German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) proposed categorical imperatives in his theories of ethics which disregarded aspects of the theories of utilitarianism and instead advocated the importance of rationality, morality and preservation of human dignity in the justification of moral decisions. In this way he ventured that individuals should act in ways in which their actions would be willed into universal law and these same actions would apply to everyone and in the vital treatment of humanity should be considered as an end in itself in actions and decisions. The justice behind Kant’s theories provide a basis for moral decision making which are still applied across many disciplines today through the promotion of human dignity and universal application. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: TJKante1.rtf

The Existence of God: Aquinas and Hume
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A 5 page paper which examines Aquinas and Hume’s arguments concerning the existence of God. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAgodhme.rtf

The Existence of God: Presentation of an Atheist and Theist Argument
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This is a 10 page paper presenting an argument about the existence of God from an atheist and theist standpoint ending in favor of the theist. Generally the arguments for the existence of God center on five different approaches: the argument of contingency, the argument from design, the ontological argument, the argument as a presupposition of values and morals, and the argument for proof by religious experience. The argument of design of the universe, or teleological arguments based on science are those most often proposed by atheists (A) although theists (T) do have comparable arguments as rebuttal and the arguments of morals and values provide the most sound base. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TJdiGod1.rtf

The Fool Argument
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This 10 page paper contemplates the argument of the Fool in Chapter XV of Hobbes' The Leviathan. Many quotes are included. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA445foo.rtf

The Free Will Problem
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This 5 page paper examines the problem of freedom and determinism. Compatibalism is discussed as a solution. This is written on a level suitable for a high school student. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA813fre.rtf

The Great Chain of Being
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This 7 page paper describes this concept in philosophy. It then goes on to explore the ideas of Pascal, Descartes and Spinoza and how their concepts apply. Proofs of God's existence are explored. Chaos theory is also defined and included in the discussion. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: SA350gcb.rtf

The Gulf Between God's Epistomology and Human Epistomology:
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This 7 page paper disagree's with the assertion that we cannot understand God and He cannot understand us. This paper asserts that born-again Christians can indeed understand God through the Bible and that He can understand us because He is omnipotnent. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: GSGulfGd.rtf

The Ideologies of David Hume
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An 8 page overview of Hume’s approach to logic. This paper explores Hume’s perceptions of the concepts of “similar impressions”, “inductive verses deductive reasoning”, “a priori statements”, “cause and effect”, “free will”, and “miracles”. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhume2.rtf

The Immortality of the Human Soul: A Defense of Platonic Thought
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An 8 page discussion of Plato’s contention that the soul is immortal. Outlines Plato’s view of the soul (including several quotes from the “Phaedo”) and presents his arguments justifying that view. Notes that these arguments have been the point of much contention among those that disagree with Plato. Presents examples of arguments designed to disprove Plato’s concept of an immortal soul. Points out the errors in each concluding that the soul is intangible but that just as molecules, whether those molecules comprise hamburger meat, cardboard, or water, continue to exist past the point that they are intermixed either with themselves or other material, the soul persist immortally. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPplatoS.wps

The Influence of Religion on American Education
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(5 pp.) When we try to break down the influence of religion on American education, it would almost seem easier to try and determine those times that religion did not have an influence on the education system in the United States. This discussion will look at historical influences of religion on American education, and project some possible reconsiderations. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BBinflre.doc

The Intention Of The Holy Ghost ……
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A 3 page paper. The initial stimulus for the paper is a comment reported by Galileo: "the intention of the Holy Ghost is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how heaven goes." The meaning of this statement is discussed in terms of Scripture versus Science. The essay also comments on some of Machiavelli's political writings. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PGgaleo.RTF

The Intrinsic Value of Animals
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5 pages. This paper delves into the subject of the concept of intrinsic value, and how it relates to animals. Should we place different values on different animals and if so what is our moral governance? This very philosophic paper considers all facets of the position. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JAanmval.rtf

THE IRON GIANT AND PERSONAL CHOICE AS IDENTITY
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This 6 page paper discusses the idea of humanity as being linked with the ability to make choices. The cartoon Iron Giant is exampled as well as the philosophies of Locke, Blake and Hume utilized. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBirongnt.rtf

The Law Of Non-Contradiction and St Anselm
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This 5 page paper look at the way in which the proofs of God can be seen as dealing with the laws of non contradiction in the way it is stated that the concept of God is the proof of his existence. The paper uses the two proofs of Anselm as well as looking at criticism of these proofs. The bibliography cites 2 sources.
Filename: TEanselm.wps

The Meaning of Descartes's Meditations
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of the Mediations. The purpose of the mediations is also explained. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA245Des.rtf

The Metaphysical Tradition of Plato and Its Application
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This 10 page paper considers the nature of the Plat's metaphysical tradition and applies it to the views of A. J. Ayer and Nietzsche. This paper integrates the views presented in Plato's The Sophist, as well as his other works, and the implications in the development of Ayer's Language, Truth and Logic, and Nietzsche's Existentialism and Basic Writings. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHsophi3.wps

The Mind/Body Problem
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7 pages in length. Descartes' desire to draw attention to and garner acceptance of his all-encompassing body/mind notion originated at the very foundation of knowledge and rose to the top to absolute knowledge with the initial step being that of his groundbreaking concept of other minds thoroughly developed in Discourse on Method and Meditations. Descartes' attempt to define the notion of other minds brought him in direct contact with ideas that postulated the very essence of spiritual and physical being, inasmuch as the philosopher meticulously contemplated the various pathways an individual must travel to inevitably reach the awareness of how minds do, indeed, exist separate from on another. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TLCMind-Body.rtf

The Nature of Knowledge and Morality: Discussion of Theories of Descartes, Hume, Kant and Nietzsche
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This is a 6 page paper discussing the theories of Descartes, Hume, Kant and Nietzsche. The nature of knowledge and morality within philosophical arguments has taken considerable shifts over the ages. Rationalism and the ideas of Rene Descartes used the ideas of mathematical deduction through innate reasoning but are opposite to those of John Locke and David Hume and empiricism who used instead the concepts of scientific induction and experience. Immanuel Kant combines both theories fairly successfully in regards to man’s knowledge while Friedrich Nietzsche on the other hand, rejects the ideas that man can have any knowledge of himself. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TJphils1.rtf

The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God
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A 5 page review of Anselm’s philosophical argument purporting the existence of God. This paper explores this argument in relation to the counter arguments of Kant and Gaunilo contending that Anselm’s approach was flawed and that the existence of God had yet to be proven. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PPgodExs.rtf

The Philosophy of B.C. Johnson:
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This 5 page paper examines the philosophy of B.C. Johnson and his belief that God could not exist. Johnson bases this belief on a series of explanations that are examined in this paper. Furthermore, this paper also presents the arguments of the theist with claims against the arguments that Johnson presents. Bibliography lists no sources.
Filename: GSBCJohn.rtf

The Philosophy of Descartes and the Idea of Reality
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The 14 page paper considers the philosophy of Rene Descartes. Firstly the paper briefly considers his background and how this is reflected in his ideas, the writer then concentrate on different ideas of reality and perception of reality, including dualism, the existence of God and arguments such as the discourse on wax and the perception of distance. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEdescre.rtf

The Philosophy of Religion
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This 15 page paper examines the concept of philosophy and applies it to religion. The Enlightenment era is discussed. Specific philosophies are included. God and how it is treated in philosophy is a large part of the inquiry. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: SA511rel.rtf

The Philosophy of Thales:
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This 4 page paper discusses some of the basic components of Thales' philosophy. For instance, this paper addresses the reasons why Thales is conisdered the first Western philosopher and how his theories helped contribute to modern science. Furthermore, this paper explores the concept of string theory and anthropic cosmology in addition to other ideas. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSThales.rtf

The Problem of Evil
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This 5 page essay takes a look at Hume's arguments regarding the architect of man (or God) and why there is evil in the world. It is argued that evil is necessary due to man's nature and the nature of the world. No bibliography.
Filename: SA245Hum.rtf

The Problem of Evil
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A 5 page essay that is a rebuttal to William Rowe's argument on the problem of evil, which states that since God is, presumably, omnipotent, omniscient and wholly benevolent, such a deity would not allow evil that serves no purposes. Since senseless evil does exist, Rowe concludes that God does not. The writer argues that there are rational arguments against Rowe's position. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: khevil.rtf

The Problem of Free Will and How It is Treated in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House
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In sixteen pages this paper analyzes writings by Plato, Aristotle, Pico, Machiavelli, Sartre, Freud, and Kane as well as William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Jean Racine’s Phédre in order to determine how free will is treated in Henrik Ibsen’s social drama A Doll’s House, with a categorization of the play as an example of either determinism, compatibilist, or libertarian also included. Two sources are cited in the bibliography.
Filename: TGfreedoll.rtf

The Problem With Descartes' Ontological Argument
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This 4 page paper looks at the argument Descartes wages in respect to God's existence. The philosopher's notions are discussed in depth and examples are provided. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA344Des.rtf

The Problem With Meaning
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6 pages in length. Characteristic of humanity's constant quest for the concept of meaning, the journey of understanding has come to represent myriad things to myriad people, ultimately rendering any universal explanation virtually impossible. The problem with meaning is attempting to successfully pinpoint a single yet comprehensive connotation to its concept; however, this cannot be achieved as long as any two individuals harbor decidedly different interpretations. The writer discusses the possible definition of meaning. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: TLCmeang.wps

The Process of Justification: An Evolving Phenomena
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A 6 page discussion of the process and concept of justification. Contends that justification is in essence the presentation of evidence or facts which support our views or beliefs. This "evidence" or "fact" varies considerably, however, according to what arena it is presented in. Justification, when used in the more regulated areas of our lives, can be quite elaborate and scientific. Other more challengable forms of justification can be based simply on societal precedence or religious belief and philosophy.
Filename: PPjustif.wps

The Relationship Between the Philosophies of Emerson and James
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This 5 page paper examines the philosophical camps which are transcendentalism and pragmatism which are associated with Emerson and James respectively. The ideas to come from each are examined for similarities. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: SA413phi.rtf

The Relevance Of An Impossible Ethical Ideal By Niebuhr
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This 4 page paper discusses Niebuhr's discussion of the law of love as found in this chapter. The writer includes Niebuhr's comments about liberal and orthodox Christianity and the differences with prophetic Christianity. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PGnieblv.rtf

The Sabbath and Emily Dickinson:
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This 3 page paper is an essay on Emily Dickinson's religious views as expressed in the poem, "Some Keep the Sabbath By Going to Church". This poem illustrates Dickinson's deep-rooted spirituality while evidencing her skepticism toward religion. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: GSEmDics.rtf

The Science and Skepticism in Descartes' Meditations
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This 7 page paper takes a look at Descartes' Meditations and discusses how they relate to science. Also discussed is the role of doubt. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA312Des.rtf

The Significance of the Honey Bee
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This 20 page paper looks at the evolution and behavior of the honey bee and why it is significant in the scheme of things. How this bee provides an example of how the world is ordered is explored. The argument from design is provided as well. It is suggested that the honey bee's behavior and makeup is so precise that it is reasonable to assume there was a designer. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: SA334bee.rtf

The Skepticism of Descartes and Martin Luther King:
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This 8 page paper discusses how both of these men were skeptical about certain aspects of life. Additionally, this paper analyzes how their skepticisms influenced their lives, philosophies and teachings. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: GSSkeptc.rtf

The Story of Joseph in Genesis
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This 18 page report discusses the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) and the ways in which they establish what is the Torah which may be defined as either “instruction” or “law.” Bibliography lists 20 sources.
Filename: BWjoseph.rtf

The Study of Krishna Beliefs
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This five page paper presents a discussion on some of the teachings of the Krishna followers. It compares and contrasts some basic beliefs about action, intention and spiritual growth. Bibliography lists one source.
Filename: CWkrishn.wps

The Theory of Knowledge from the Socratic and Taoist Perspectives
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This 8 page paper discusses Socrates’ teachings about the body and soul, death and the meaning of life and compares them with the Taoist tradition. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVKnoPer.rtf

The Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist
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A five page paper which looks at the ways in which Nietzsche criticises Socratic and Platonic schools of thought in The Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist, and analyses Nietzsche’s concept of the will to power and the autonomy of the individual in contrast to the constraints laid down by codified religious systems of belief. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: JLnietzsche.wps

THE VIEWS OF ST. THOMAS AQUINAS AND EPICTETUS
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This paper compares the philosophies of St. Thomas Aquinas and Epictetus about God, nature and the universe. The thesis is that, although these two men were born in different times, their beliefs in the divine and natural order were similar. Bibliograpy lists 4 sources.
Filename: MTepitho.rtf

The Work of St. Thomas Aquinas
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A 3 page overview of the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas, which offer philosophical proof for Thomas’ arguments. The great benefit of Thomas’ writings and particularly the Summa is that they do not require initial agreement with Thomas’ position on any subject. Thomas assumed that individuals would question those values and beliefs that were quite natural to him. Rather than threaten these individuals with “hell fire and brimstone,” Thomas provided a base of reason from which the only possible conclusion was that of agreement with his position. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSthomAquinasWr.rtf

Theodicy - The Problem of Evil
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(5 pp) According to Nichols (1998), theodicy (from theos and dikê, 'justice,' hence 'enquiry into the divine justice') is 'doubly relevant in theology, to fundamentals and to systematics. In fundamental theology, theodicy is important because we need to show that the existence of God is compatible with the existence of evil.' Our initial thought is if God equals goodness and love, what is the need - or is there one - for evil in the world? this discussion will examine that question.
Filename: BBtheodi.rtf

Theology and the Practice of Worship
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(10 pp). In this discussion a text has been selected from the Bible (James 5: 13 - 16) to give guidance to the idea, and practice of sacred worship. The text is examined closely, and personal opinions are given by the writer
Filename: BBchrwor.doc