Astronomy Research and Extraterrestrial Life
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A 4 page overview of man's quest for the discovery of extraterrestrial life. The author outlines some of the criteria that astronomers believe would be necessary for life to exist and emphasizes the importance of ongoing astronomical research. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPextrat.rtf

Aviadenovirus
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A 5 page overview of the adenoviruses with a particular emphasis on research concerning aviadenovirus, the adenovirus which infects domestic chickens, ducks, turkey, quail and other species of fowl. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Aviad.wps

Avian Flu 2
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This 10 page paper examines the occurrence and reporting of bird flu cases. The paper starts by looking at the different reports from the World Health Organization and what data is contained in the reports, how it is collected and the barriers to effective collection. The paper then looks at the spread and mortality rate of the disease and trends in the way the disease is spread in different patients, considering age, gender and locations, the paper also looks at the current research. The bibliography cites 2 sources.
Filename: TEbirdflu2.rtf

Avian Influenza
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This 12 page paper examines Avian Influenza, often referred to as ‘bird flu’ focusing on the H5N1 variant that is seen as the most likely A strain variant that could cause a human pandemic. The paper outlines the problem, looks at the condition, including mortality and morbidity, symptoms and clinical progression as well as geographical, seasonal and demographic factors and influences. The paper then considers the current hypotheses concerning avian influenza and looks at the potential sources of information and the current gaps in research. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEbirdflu.rtf

Bacterial Interactions With Plants
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An 8 page overview of the effects and interactions of bacteria on plants. Emphasizes that plants are dependent on some of these interactions but are adversely impacted by others. Includes commercial and non-commercial impacts as well as a mention of efforts to commercially capitalize on the interactions of plants and bacteria by producing strains which benefit from the positive microbial interactions and are resistant to the less beneficial interactions. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Plantbac.wps

Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: Modern Lessons from Evolutionary Theory
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A 4 page discussion of the practical lessons available in evolution which are applicable to our everyday lives. The author contends that evolutionary theory can have direct application in identifying solutions for a number of real world problems, one of the most concerning of which is the recent phenomena of resistance to antibiotics being noted in some species of bacteria. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPbactEv.rtf

Bat Echolocation: The Perception of Distance and Depth Through the use of Sonar
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This 4 page paper provides an overview of the basic elements of bat echolocation as an process that is separate from the auditory and visual receptive capabilities of other mammals. This paper considers the prevalent biological structures and other components of bat physiology that determine the capacity for echolocation, also known as sonar. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MHbateco.wps

Battling Cytisus scoparius in Oregon
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A 3 page paper discussing the human impact of a noxious weed common in Oregon. Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) was introduced into Oregon for the purpose of controlling erosion, but it led to an even larger problem. C. scoparius now is a noxious weed in Oregon and has been quite successful in surviving efforts to eradicate it. Efforts at biological control were begun in 1997, but so far have not met with great success in slowing the spread of the weed. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSbotScBrmOR.rtf

Behavioral Evolution and the Formation of Culture
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An 8 page discussion of behavioral evolution and the role of behavioral science in that evolution. Notes that behavioral changes occur over time on both an individual level and a cultural level. Compares these changes with biological evolution through the process of natural selection. Warns that while the intervention of behavioral science may be of positive use in correcting truly aberrant individual behavior, it could be of tremendous adverse impact to cultural evolution as a whole. Encourages cultural self-control and warns against the approach of Westernization and deliberate cultural design and intervention. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPcultE2.wps

Bernd Heinrich
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A 6 page paper that investigates this renowned scientist. Bernd Heinrich has an unquenchable interest in all living things. He teaches at the University of Vermont and is also greatly involved in field research of different species. His work is discussed, particularly the work that is reported in two of his books: Mind of the Raven, and The Thermal Warriors: Strategies of Insect Survival. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PGheinr.wps

Bioconversion; Converting Non-Protein to Protein
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This 5 page paper considers the existing research that has been undertaken in converting non-protein nitrogen into protein. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEbiocon.rtf

Biodiversity: What it is and Some of the Most Important Hotspots
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9 pages. The wealth of diverse biological life forms is almost beyond what the human mind can conceive. It is interesting to say the least knowing the diversity between one pinch of soil that can contain more than ten billion bacteria, up through to entire regions, or hotspots, that are rife with not only different species but also endangered species, from insects up to the largest of mammals. This paper will focus on some of these hotspots as well as further serve to explain what biodiversity is. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: JGAbiodv.rtf

Bioengineered Foods: Pros and Cons
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A 5 page consideration of the plusses and minuses of bioengineered foods. This paper considers those attributes not just from the perspective of human health but also from the perspective of environmental integtity. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: PPgenEngFoodBioethics.rtf

Biological Action of Genetically Altered Bacteria
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A 7 page paper discussing general and specific biosynthesis pathways of genetically engineered bacteria. Bacteria have been used since the 1950s to produce useful - and often critical - compounds. A Merck & Co. researcher used a Lactobacillus lactis assay as a driver for B12 purification and crystallization from Streptomyces griseus, and Japanese researchers discovered that bacteria could produce monosodium glutamate. After the work of Berg, Cohen and Boyer in recombinant DNA, the already-existing industrial application of bacteria-produced compounds grew quickly. Today, genetically altered bacteria produce human insulin, a variety of antibiotics and perform environmental cleanup functions. The paper describes the biological action of a number of these processes. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: KSbactEnz.wps

Biological Determinism / Our Actions Are Determined by Biology
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A 17 page discussion of the role of genetics in determining behavior. Emphasizes that our actions and behaviors are essentially an interplay of genetics and societal factors but acknowledges that the genetic predisposition for certain behaviors is definite and difficult to overcome. Relies extensively on the ideas presented in Richard Dawkin's The Selfish Gene but backs these ideas up with actual research examples. Uses the counter examples of research indicating that homosexuality is a genetic condition and that research which shows that gender roles are shaped by the environment. Bibliography lists 16 sources.
Filename: Biodeter.wps

Biology and Language
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This 7 page report discusses human biology and human language and the ways in which language has evolved in human beings and the biological foundations of such evolution. The argument being presented is that human language is unique in virtually all characteristics and must be seen as part of the advanced development of human cognition and the social nature of the species. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: BWbiolng.rtf

Biology Article Summary: Coral Reefs
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3 pages in length. Martin Downs, author of "Keeper Of The Reefs: How Do You Save A Wilderness That Most People Will Never See" in the Spring, 2004 issue of OnEarth, discusses the detrimental impact man's actions have had upon coral reefs around the world. Citing such occurrences as overfishing, global warming and human activity, Downs (2004) correlates these influences in terms of the percentage of coral reefs destroyed worldwide. Hundreds of millions of years of oceanic history teeter on the verge of permanent extinction because of the detrimental effects these occurrences have had upon coral reefs, a global population that is fighting for its very existence. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCBioCoral.rtf

Biology Lab / Observations of Fish Gill Movement
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Approximately 4 pages in length. Paper reports on a basic (biology) laboratory experiment. Writer hypothesizes that fish gill movement will increase when water temperature does same. It is concluded that varying water temperature does have an effect on percular movements and breathing patterns of (gold)fish. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Fishlab.wps

Biology Questions
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5 pages. This question and answer series touches on several topics including birth control, genital herpes, circumcision, and hermaphrodites. These are very interesting and pertinent subjects which affect many people today. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JAbiolgy.rtf

Biology: Mitochondria And Chloroplasts
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3 pages in length. The writer briefly discusses processes of the electron transport system and chemiosmotic coupling with regards to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCMitoClor.rtf

Biopsychology
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This 5 page paper discusses the field of biopsychology, as well as the connection between it and ADD. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: HVBioPsy.rtf

Bioremediation And The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
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A 10 page paper. The Exxon Valdez spilled 11 millions of oil that eventually stretched for 1,300 miles along the west coast of Alaska. The process used to clean up the shoreline was bioremediation. By introducing specific microorganisms, growth of natural bacteria that eat hydrocarbons is enhanced. This essay discusses and describes the process that was used after this oil spill. It also discusses what happens to marine life after an oil spill. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PGbiore.wps

Bioremediation: A Review of One Article Detailing the Attributes of Geobacter Bacteria
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A 3 page review of a December 2003 interview of Dr. Barbara Methe, the collaborative investigator at the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and Dr. Derek Lovely, the head of the University of Massachusetts (Amherst) microbiology department. These researchers clarify the benefits of using bacteria, especially the Geobacter bacteria, in the cleanup of hazardous waste. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPhazSp2.rtf

Biotechnology; The Human Genome Project
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This 32 page paper considers the Human Genome Project, paying particular attention to the role that computer technology has played through its existence. The paper looks at the background and then discusses aspects of sequencing in more detail. The paper considers the progress made along with that yet to be made, and cites examples of the applications of the findings and the progress of the project. The projects progress is also compared to other genome projects for other species. The bibliography cites 26 sources.
Filename: TEhumgen.wps

Bioterrorism and Public Health
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A 7 page paper exploring the topic of biological warfare. Emphasizes the vulnerability of the United States, noting that with the collapse of the Cold War we now have many small enemies in place of the one large enemy. Describes biological warfare as being widely available, as a poor man’s weapon. Stresses the importance of establishing a central agency to handle biological terrorism on a national level. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPbioTer.wps

Bird Beak Morphology and Precipitation
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An 8 page discussion of the relationship that exists between beak morphology of four specific species of finches in the Galapagos Islands and precipitation. The author links ancient climatological trends with finch evolution and ties existing patterns in biodiversity with contemporary climatological trends. Includes a graph illustrating this association. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPfinchB.rtf

Birds / The Mallard
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A comprehensive 4 page report on the mallard, a bird from the Anatidae family of the order Anseriformes. Dynamics, geography, breeding, eating, and so forth ,-- are among the many aspects discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Mallard.wps

Bladder Cancer Cell
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A 7 page research paper that examines specific functions and characteristics of these cell. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: khblccel.rtf

Body temperature regulation
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A five page paper which looks at the way in which warm-blooded creatures, especially human beings, utilise complex physiological mechanisms in order to maintain their body temperature within a comparatively narrow optimum range. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JLbodytemp.rtf

Book Annotations/Reviews
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A 14 page paper which annotates/reviews 5 different books. The books reviewed are “The Disciplined Mind- Beyond Facts and Standardized Tests” by Howard Gardner, “The New Brain” by Richard Restak, “The Scientist in the Crib” by Gopnik, Meltzoff and Kuhl, “The Learning Brain- Lessons for Education” by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and Uta Frith and “The Creating Brain” by Nancy. C. Andreasen. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAmndbrn.rtf

Book Review on Gould's Panda's Thumb
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This 5 page paper reviews this intriguing collection of essays by the controversial scientist Stephen Jay Gould. Evolution is discussed. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA147pna.rtf

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Anthrax, and Brucellosis
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A 10 page overview of three potentially fatal diseases. Includes their effects on cattle and man as well as discussions on possible treatment methodologies and preventions. Outlines research efforts to develop vaccines and gives an overview of the different types of legislation which has evolved in response to the threat of these and other diseases. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Cowmad.wps

Brain Response/Males & Aggression
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A 10 page research paper that examines research on brain chemistry and aggression that differentiates between the responses of males and females. This review of literature examines research that pertains to brain research and the neurotransmitters in the brain that have been shown to affect aggressive behavior. This body of data suggests that there are a discernible differences between the response of males and females to aggression and competitiveness that can be traced to differences in brain chemistry. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: khhoragg.rtf

Brassica rapa: Life History of the Plant Known Variously as Wild Turnip and Birdsrape Mustard
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A 5 page overview of the life history of Brassica rapa, a flowering plant known commonly as both a wild turnip and as birdsrape mustard. Considered an invasive weed in the Americas, this species exhibits distinctive taxonomy and ecology. This paper discusses specific features of the plants taxonomy, reproduction, and the characteristic glycosides and enzyme complement which serve as a biochemical shield protecting the plant from certain predators but at the same time which can be utilized by a narrow group of herbivores.
Filename: PPmustrd.wps

Brave New World of Biotech
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A 5 page research paper and analysis of the sociological impact of biotechnology. The writer uses "Brave New World" and "Gattaca" as a springboard to discuss the fears that biotech engenders and argues that the benefits outweigh the risks of such technology. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khbiotek.wps

Brood Parasitism Among the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus): Genetic or Behavioral?
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A 14 page literature review of brood parasitism among the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Explores the concept of whether genetic makeup determines host preference or if this phenomena is really a result of the mature bird seeking out habitat in which it was raised and consequently encountering more nests of a specific species in that habitat than would be present in others (i.e. natal philopatry). Includes a 1 page Roman numeral outline. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPcuckoB.wps

Canine Oral Spirochetes
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A 12 page overview of canine oral spirochetes, concentrating on Treponema denticola, Treponemapectinovorum, and Treponema maltophilum. Notes that although oral microflora cannot be held solely responsible for the presence or absence of periodontal disease and associated conditions, thesemicroflora do manifest differently in healthy verses diseased tissue. This observation is true both in the species which are present and in what concentrations they are present. Suggests laboratory methodologyfor qualifying and quantifying their presence, as well as linking thatpresence to periodontal disease. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: PPspiroc.wps

Care and Maintenance of a Koi Pond
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A 4 page paper which examines how to care for and maintain a Koi pond. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAkoi.rtf

Carolus Linnaeus, Demitri I Mendeleev and Leonhard Euler
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This 5 page paper outlines the work and achievements of these three men that focus on the logical organisation of information and the ability to classify information into logical groups. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEmendel.rtf

Catalase -- The Enzyme
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A 6 page overview of the enzyme catalase, its function in both the living organism and as an isolated form in commercial applications. Bibliography lists four sources.
Filename: Catalase.wps

Catastrophism and the Extinction of the Dinosaurs
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An 8 page discussion of the events which resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs. Suggests that a meteoric impact with the earth set in motion a series of environmental events which ultimately translated into dinosaur extinction. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPdinoC2.wps

Cell Biology / Article Reviews
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Contains two reviews of articles relevant to cell biology- each one is 2 pages in length (4 pages total for this file) and contains the writer's own personal reaction. Citations are : Rowe, Paul M. (1994). Cell death according to plan. The Lancet, 344 (8925), 812 -&- Cohen, Jon. (1994). 'Long PCR leaps into larger DNA sequences.' Science, 263 (5153), 1564-1565.
Filename: Biolarti.wps

Cell Biology / Essay Answers
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7 pages worth of responses to several very-detailed and comprehensive questions in cell biology. Please write to us for more information. No Bibliography.
Filename: Biolexam.wps

Cell Structure
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An 8 page overview of cellular structure. Defines a cell and distinguishes between plant and animal cells. List the major cellular components and describes their structure and function. Includes a Roman Numeral outline. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPcellSt.wps

Cellular Transport of the Enzyme Rubisco
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A 4 page discussion of the function of the enzyme rubisco in regard to its importance in plant photosynthesis. The author describes the enzyme, detailing a molecular composition which enables it to interact with and be impacted by environmental constituents such as heat, carbon dioxide, and inactive rubisco. This same molecular composition plays an important role in the binding process which allows the enzyme to be transported throughout plant tissue. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPenzRub.rtf