Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms)
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A 3 page morphological and ecological description of arrow worms. These organisms have evolved to have several advantages in their chosen habitats. They are important not just as predators but as a food source for higher organisms and as host species for various parasites. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPwormsA.rtf

Chameleons: Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Ecology
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A 5 page overview of the group of animals we know as chameleons. The author provides a specific phylogenetic classification of these animals from Kingdom to Species, noting the similarities in evolutionary pattern with other vertebrates and distinguishing the chameleon from other lizards on the basis of key taxonomic criteria. A discussion of the ecology of the group as a whole is presented as is a brief notation on the endangered status of one specific example of this group, Chamaeleo belalandaensis. A detailed explanation of how and why the chameleon changes color is included as well. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPchamel.rtf

Chapter 14 of Origins of Species by Darwin
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A 3 page paper which summarizes chapter 14 of Charles Darwin’s “Origin of Species.” No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAdrwn14.rtf

Charles Darwin’s “The Origins of Species”
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A 2 1/2 page paper which examines Charles Darwin’s “The Origins of Species.” Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAdarwn.rtf

Chytridiomycosis Causes Amphibian Mortality
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A 5 page paper that discusses the causes of the dramatic decrease in the numbers of amphibians in Australia and Central America. The essay describes a study conducted by a group of scientists who not only found the cause of the declining population but who discovered a new fungus. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PGfrogsdie.rtf

Circadian Rhythms
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This 9 page paper looks at Circadian Rhythms and the Circadian Clock. Written in three parts the first part examined what they are how they work and how they differ from homeostatic regulations. The second part looks at how these rhythms impact on the airline industry. The third part looks at the effects of Circadian Desynchronization. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEcirrhythm.rtf

Cloning
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A 5 page paper discussing the history of cloning and the untimely death of Millie, the first cow to be cloned in the US. Cloning has reached the point at which protocol is set and there is no anticipated reason that researchers could not produce a human clone. We have reached the brink of ethics, however, and it is yet unclear whether science should proceed. This debate forms the core of discussion surrounding cloning today. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KScloning.rtf

Cloning is Wrong
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A 7 page paper research paper that discusses why human cloning is morally wrong. The writer offers a literature survey that concentrates on how people feels on this topic. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: khcloop.rtf

Cloning the Canine: Articles from the Popular Press and a Peer-Reviewed Journal
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A 6 page overview of the phenomenal success achieved in South Korea in 2005 with the first successful dog clone. This paper compares two articles detailing the experiment, one from a peer-reviewed journal and written by the primary researchers and another from the popular press. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPcloneD.rtf

Coho Salmon: Description and Life History
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A 7 page overview of the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) one of the smallest of the salmon species. Describes the appearance and morphological characteristics as well as reproductive behavior. Emphasizes the importance of habitat to this species and the impacts which that habitat is experiencing. Includes a one page description of other related species such as the Chinook salmon and the herring family. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPcoho.wps

Considerations in Stem Cell Research
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A 3 page discussion of the most recent developments in stem cell research. These developments are accentuated by the discovery of the potential utility of amniotic stem cells. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPstemCell2007tech.rtf

Copyright And Genome Databases
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18 pages in length. The antagonistic issue of ownership is one that transcends virtually all boundaries of what might otherwise be considered a civilized society. From ancient Rome to contemporary times, the fight for lawful claim upon a certain entity has always been ensnared within the confines of man's contempt for fair distribution of any given commodity. The concern over the absence of any copyright protection laws for human genomics databases is but one of myriad issues surrounding the entire precarious research program; with sensitive and pertinent information being discovered in relation to human genomics research, and the fact that anyone is fully capable of securing that information without prior permission by only slightly modifying the existing database, original creators and critics are up in arms about the unethical and inequitable nature of such unprotected actions, a bone of contention that has existed in various forms for hundreds of years. Bibliography lists 30 sources.
Filename: TLCgenom.rtf

Corn Snake
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A 3 page overview of the habits and life of the corn snake. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAcrnsn.rtf

Correlation of Hearing Loss and Smoking
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A 6 page paper investigating the relation of hearing loss to cigarette smoking. Hearing loss and smoking would appear not to be related physically, given the information we have about the effects of smoking. The purpose here is to review the few studies that have been done and to draw some conclusions about the possible relationship. Research shows that it may be that hearing loss and smoking are closely related, not in biochemical relations but in the common environments in which both exist simultaneously. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSsmokeStHear.rtf

Cousin Marriages: The Biological Deterrents
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A 5 page overview of the biological manifestations of inbreeding (consanguinity). Discusses the coefficient of relationship and how this relates to increase propensities for certain diseases, malformations, and maladaptations. Concludes that while the results of consanguinity can be negative there is also the increased likelihood of passing on certain desirable traits as well. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPcousin.wps

Cow Ticks
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8 pages in length. An in-depth discussion of the problem of cow ticks and their biological manifestation. Social, health, and economic implications are explored against a scientific background. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Cowticks.wps

Creatine Phosphate
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A 5 page research paper that discusses the biochemistry of creatine phosphate, a crucial element in the production of muscle energy. The writer discusses its function, structure, and pathways. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khpo3.rtf

Crocodiles vs People: A Possible Solution?
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A 13 page paper describing crocodiles and discussing ways in which people can coexist with them. Crocodiles coexisted with the dinosaurs, but they have survived their reptilian relatives by 65 million years. All 23 species were listed as endangered in 1971, but only seven remain so designated. In 2000, it was discovered that crocodile cartilage possesses the same anti-tumor bioactivity as does shark cartilage. Preservation of the crocodile could be important for more than only the ecosystems in which they live. Management in Australia has demonstrated that crocodiles and humans can indeed coexist, without undue strain on either the crocodiles or the humans. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: KS-crocs.wps

Cryptococcus Neoformans
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Cryptococcus Neoformans is a pathogen to humans and can cause a range of conditions from asymptomatic illness to lethal systemic disease. This 3 page paper looks at the pathogen, its' ecology, the diseases, symptoms, occurrence, treatment and prognosis. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TECryptoN.rtf

Current Research in Aspects of Cell Structure
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A 10 page paper discussing current research trained on structure, rather than on processes. There is so much attention focused on biochemical pathways and the interactions of compounds with each other that the basics of structure are often overlooked. As it becomes more important to discover methods of industrial miniaturization and continued enhancement of return on the raw materials of meat and meat product production, we likely can expect greater focus on natural structures and their influence in regulating processes. The paper includes an outline and discussion of research focusing on bacterial flagella, cell walls, cell division and nerve cells. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: KScellStruc.wps

Cyanobacteria
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This 4 page report discusses the origins, evolution, and purposes of cyanobacteria Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWcyanob.rtf

Cytochrome P450
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Cytochrome P450 (CYP450 or P450) is the term used for a sizeable quantity of oxidative enzymes that are evolutionarily related. This 24 page paper looks at what these enzymes are, where they are found, their catalytic cycle, the physical characteristics, the importance to humans including how they are induced in humans, the genes and what happens when they do not function correctly. The bibliography cites 30 sources.
Filename: TEcytoP450.rtf

Darwin's "Origin of the Species": An Evolutionary Progression of Concepts
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A 10 page discussion of the first eight chapters of Charles Darwin's "Origin of the Species". Presents the thesis that "Origin of the Species" itself is a product of evolutionary progression of thought. The first two-thirds of the book, Chapters 1 through 4, introduce Darwin's most basic evolutionary thoughts while the subsequent chapters 5 through 8 introduce the more complex concepts of Darwin's evolutionary theory. These chapters also show a correlation with the thoughts and work of others of Darwin's time, a correlation which builds rather than diminishes as the book moves from introduction to conclusion. These influences themselves can be contended to be environmental factors in shaping the final layout of "Origin of the Species". Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPdarwin.wps

Darwin's Challenges to Convention
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A 5 page paper discussing evolution, natural selection and social Darwinism. There are many who continue to argue today that Darwin was mistaken, that origin of species could not arise in the manner he described. There are many more, however, absolutely convinced that Darwin found the mechanism by which species arise. The controversy surrounding Darwin's theories continues, further supporting the statement that he challenged accepted scientific theories and changed the way that people viewed science. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSdarwin00.wps

DARWIN’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE SCIENCE OF EMOTION
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This 3 page paper discusses the basic perspectives of Darwin on the idea of emotions and expressions, then compares his ideas to those discoveries being made by scientists today. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBdarwin.rtf

Death Valley National Park
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This 5 page report discusses Death Valley National Park’s landscape, geological structure, climate, and the creatures that survive there. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWdeathv.rtf

Debate on Human Cloning
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A 6 page research paper that argues against the possibility of human cloning. The writer examines the possible uses for cloning and argues that to reproduce a human being in this manner is repugnant and unethical because it does not considers the needs of the child. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khhuclno.rtf

Debating Shoeing Horses
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A 3 page paper discussing the implications of shoeing horses. The bottom line appears to be that shoes are beneficial in offering protection where it is needed and in correcting existing hoof problems, but that all horses do not need to be routinely shoed without assessing the conditions in which they live and work. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KShorseShoe.rtf

Defining and Measuring Intelligence
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This 5 page report discusses human intelligence, the ways in which it is defined and measured and the idea that half of the population has an average or above average degree of traditionally measured intelligence. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWavgIQ.rtf

Defining Osmosis
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This 5 page report discusses and explains the concept of osmosis which is how one element or ingredient of a solution flows through a membrane while other components of a solutuon are shut out and unable to pass through the membrane. In order to determine which membranes allow the flow of which constituents of a solution requires experimentation since not all membranes act the same way. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: BWosmos.rtf

Deforestation: Central America
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A 6 page paper which offers an examination of the deforestation that is taking place in Central America. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAdefrst.rtf

Dental Fillings: History, Types and Uses
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An 8 page discussion of the history of dental fillings. Traces the filling from ancient times to present exploring the various types of materials which were used. Explains that the choice of filling is related to performance but also to availability and cost. Notes that the evolutionary path of fillings is tied as well to the evolutionary paths of other dentistry aspects such as drill evolution and the development of molding techniques and materials. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPdentFi.wps

Denture Cleansers
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5 pages in length. Maintaining one's own teeth is certainly a preferable alternative to having dentures; however, when the time comes to make such a decision, there are a number of considerations to be made beyond merely the fit. If dentures are not properly cleansed on a regular basis, this can lead to the same type of oral decay found in those without dentures. Denture cleansers are manufactured to help continue the process of good oral hygiene by effectively removing the build up of debris from prosthetic dental appliances. Powder, tablet or paste, the choice of material is solely a personal decision based upon past experience and preference. The write discusses various aspects of denture cleansers. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLCdentr.wps

Desert Surfaces: A Process Based Analysis of Radiation, Heat, Precipitation, and Storage
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A 7 page overview of the processes which impact deserts. Summarizes geologic, climatological and biological processes which interplay to both shape desert environments and which are shaped by those environments. Outlines the importance of topography, substrate characteristics, precipitation, vegetative cover (both type and extent), radiation, and cloud cover in particular and concludes that each of these factors is interrelated with the other. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPdesert.wps

Designer Babies
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An 8 page research paper that investigates the possible ethical ramifications of biotechnological advancements that predict the advent of "designer babies," that is, children whose genes have been manipulated for certain traits or bodily characteristics. Based on futuristic predictions, the writer argues against the morality of such technology. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: khdeskid.rtf

Designing a Research Framework
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This 4 page paper helps the student design research to test an hypothesis. The framework shown is the framing of the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1), the decision on what level of confidence to choose, looking at which statistics to test and deciding on which tests are most suitable. The example used is testing to see if genetically modified food and non modified food are the same. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEstatest.rtf

Destiny or Circumstance?: Are Human Beings in Charge of Their Destiny?
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A 5 page discussion of destiny as it relates to the actional and nonactional theories. Associates the theory of biological determinism with the nonactional theory but observes other areas of research which indicate numerous factors, particularly parental involvement in our childhood, affect the way we live our lives. Concludes that there is some validity to the Actional Theory, the theory that it is us that determine our destiny. What becomes clear, however, is that our destinies are determined not only by factors which are under our control but also be predetermined factors such as our genes. Destiny therefore is predetermined in some instances but entirely under our control in others. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPdestin.wps

Differences In The Way A Mammalian Cell And Yeast Cells Coordinate Cell Growth And Cell-Cycle Progression
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This 3 page paper summarizes an article by Colon and Raff (2003) entitled “Differences in the way a mammalian cell and yeast cells coordinate cell growth and cell-cycle progression” which looks at the role of cell check points and the importance of extracellular signalling for mammalian cells when researched with the use of Schwamm cells. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEcellgrow.rtf

Dinoflagellates
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A 4 page overview of this classification of organism. The author reviews the phylogeny and the ecology of these incredible diverse creatures. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPdinofl.rtf

Distribution and Evolution of the Striped Skunk
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A 3 page paper which provides a look at the distribution and evolution of the striped skunk. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: RAskunk.rtf

DNA - An Overview
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A 5 page exploration of DNA and its relations to cellular reproduction. Includes a discussion of cellular structure, mitosis, and meiosis. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Dna.wps

DNA and the ageing process
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A paper which considers research into the phenomenon of ageing, with specific reference to DNA and changes which take place at the cellular level. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: JLagedna.rtf

DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
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This 3 page paper takes a look at these scientific processes and how new technology in regard to evaluating genetic materials are utilized. Examples are provided. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA341DNA.rtf

Durable Disease Resistance
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Durable disease reduction, an integral component of modern plant breeding is one solution that many plant biologists believe will be the deciding factor in whether the world's population of 2020 will be fed. This 5 page paper argues that the goal of durable disease resistance is not only possible but also probable before 2020. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KTdisres.wps

E Coli
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A 10 page paper discussing the E. coli infection. This is an infection which can prove to be very dangerous to the health of an individual, and is normally contracted through tainted meats and dairy products. While the majority of the cases result in nothing more than digestive problems, there is the chance that an infection could result in death. A description of the pathogen, and the method of transmission is discussed, followed by a section discussing the symptoms and effects. There are also sections covering treatment of the condition and preventive measures that can, and should, be taken in an effort to reduce the risk of contracting E coli. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: RAecoli.wps