Ecosystems: North and South
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(5 pp). As we move into a new century we become more aware of how hard we were on the planet in the last one hundred years. This discussion examines the general criteria of an ecosystem, and then illustrates what an ecosystem is, by describing one on a north facing slope, and one on a south facing slope. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BBecoNSR.doc

Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Germination of Erigeron Species
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A 15 page scientific report regarding the germination rates of two species of fleabanes, Oregon fleabane (Erigeron speciosus) and Piper's Daisy (Erigeron piperianus). Provides information regarding the distribution and ecologies of the two species, their importance from both agricultural and ecological standpoints, and information (based on the unpublished work of Ronald J. Burkey at Washington State University Agricultural Research Center in Prosser WA) regarding their relative germinations under varying planting depths, soil types, cold treatment verses no cold treatment, and light exposure verses germination in the dark. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Erigspec.wps

Effects of Volatile Anesthetics on G Proteins
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This 12 page report discusses the effects of volatile (inhalation) anesthetics on G-proteins. G proteins are a key to the chemical “switches” that get take place in order to communicate messages in the body. As the receptors react, they change shape which then allows for the G protein to also change. It releases the a GDP molecule and grabs onto a related molecule called GTP. Having attached the GTP to itself, it then acts on membrane processes such as enzymes and ion channels. That process then results in a new “messenger” molecule -- cyclic AMP. An 'enzymatic cascade' then takes place because the AMP causes a protein reaction. A literature review is included that outlines a number of the projects regarding the subject that have been undertaken in the past decade. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: BWvolane.rtf

El Niρo's Effects on Agriculture
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A 5 page paper discussing the change of global weather patterns common with the cyclical El Niρo originating in the Pacific Ocean. It has been said that the farmer is the finest example of compulsive gambler in existence. That El Niρo events will continue to occur is a given, but prediction and management of them can minimize their negative effects while allowing some producers to take advantage of temporary conditions. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSelNiρo.wps

Energy Transfer in Cells
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This 5 page paper considers energy transfer in cells. The writer looks at the process, defining what is meant by energy and how it can be seen as a two way function of energy transformation. The writer includes consideration of the Laws of Thermodynamics, the role of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and metabolic pathways. The bibliography cites 3 sources.
Filename: TEcellen.wps

Entamoeba histolytica: Description, History, and Etiology of an Organism Associated with Infectious Diarrhea and Dysentery
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A 5 page overview of this single-celled eukaryote, a common parasite among all classes of vertebrates, several invertebrates, and quite possibly a variety of unicellular organisms. This paper provides a morphological description of the organism, an overview of its life history, and a review of its impacts to humans and the treatment methodologies which are employed. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPdysent.rtf

Enzymes and the Krebs Cycle
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A 5 page paper discussing enzymes at their most basic level. Comprised of amino acids, enzymes are the catalysts of myriad biochemical reactions. In keeping with the true nature of catalysts, they accelerate and enable reactions without being materially affected themselves. The second section of the paper presents a diagram of the Krebs or citric acid cycle. Taking place in the mitochondria of the cell, the citric acid cycle is the last in a series of steps that convert 'food' into 'energy.' Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSenzyme.wps

Epidermal Stem Cell and their Role in Wound Healing
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This 6 page paper considers how epidermal stems cells may play a role in healing wounds. The paper discusses the healing process and looks at recent research which indicates the importance of dermal sheath cells in speeding and increasing the quality of wound healing. The bibliography cites 19 sources.
Filename: TEstemce.rtf

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
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A 5 page overview of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, its life cycle and its effect on horses. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Eqenceph.wps

Ethics and Brain Research
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A 7 page research paper & argumentative essay that considers the ramifications of the latest advancements in neuroscience, such as "smart pills." The writer argue that policymakers would be wise to listen to voices warning against the hubris of altering humanity's most distinguished feature, its capacity for reason, the human brain. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khethbr.rtf

Evidence of Violent and Non-Violent Cultures in Non-Human Primates
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This 11 page report discusses the fact that when the concept of culture is examined in relationship to biological anthropology, it offers insight to the ways in which certain behaviors have developed and whether as they can be thought of as unique to one species or if there is a biological predetermination to be addressed. Therefore, it is important to look at the behaviors and cultures of different non-human primates and determine the ways in which that has influenced the development of humanity. The author of the report uses the example of violent (chimpanzees) and non-violent (bonobos) social relationships to consider such questions. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BWprimat.rtf

Evolution & Christian Theology
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A 7 page research paper that examines whether or not Christian theology can accommodate scientific theories about the evolution. The writer, citing the emerging science of chaos and complexity theory, argues that science and theology can be reconciled. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khevocom.rtf

Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens
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A 10 page discussion of the mechanisms through which bacterial pathogens evolve. Bacterial pathogens evolve in reference to a number of factors. These are both natural factors and manmade factors. Bacterial evolution in response to antibiotics is one example of this relationship. This evolution occurs both clinically and in areas such as uncontained landfills that have been the recipient of hospital wastes. Once bacteria evolve to reflect a resistance to antibodies they retain that evolutionary feature. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPpathog.rtf

Evolutionary Mechanisms: The Theory of Heterozygote Superiority Verses The Selfish Gene Theory
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A 9 page discussion of the mechanisms by which evolution occurs. Contrasts the theory of the selfish gene proposed by Richard Dawkins with that of the theory of heterozygote superiority held to by evolutionary biologists such as E. Sober. An overview of each theory is presented. The conclusion is drawn that although certain “selfish” elements do exist (such as is the case with certain highly repetitive DNA sequences) if these elements replicated to the point where it constituted the entire genome of the organism the organism would be sterile and without offspring the too successful gene would be doomed to death. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPgeneNo.rtf

Evolutionary Theory and the Existence of Art in the Human Experience
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This 5 page report discusses the reasons behind the existence of art from the point of view of writers and researchers who see it as a fundamental component of the evolutionary processes of humanity. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWevoart.rtf

Evolutionary Wonders: Examples from the Plant and Animal Kingdoms
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A 7 page overview of the marvels of evolution as reflected in six very different representatives of the plant and animal kingdom. This paper notes the lessons mankind might learn from birds, insects, and even the lowly parasitic worms as well as food crops such as corn, medicinal plants such as foxglove, and ornamentals such as the exotic water hyacinth. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPbioFav.rtf

Examination of Journal Articles on Cells
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A 5 page paper which examines and analyzes two separate articles dealing with cells. The articles, both originating from Scientific American, are “A ready-made controversy. (SA Perspectives). (cloning and its controversies)” and “What clones? Widespread scientific doubts greet word of the first human embryo clones. (Stem Cells).” No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAcells.rtf

Exotic and Invasive Plants
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A 10 page discussion of the attributes of certain plants which give them an advantage over other plants. This paper notes the deleterious impacts on biodiversity which are associated with the arrival of exotics. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: PPplntEx.rtf

Extinction and Genetic Diversity
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This 5 page paper considers the question of whether extinction is a necessary part of the survival of the species. The question of whether extinction of certain species will inherently reduce genetic diversity has been at the center of recent debates. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHExtin2.rtf

Factors Affecting Stomatal Opening
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This 14 page paper looks at the different factors that influence stomatal opening and how these factors are seen as a biochemical level. The paper outlines the environmental factors that create or inhibit the stomatal opening and then examines the role of guard cells and the way they may open and close the aperture and the way that the actions of the guard cells may be adjusted. The bibliography cites 7 sources.
Filename: TEstomat.rtf

Faith & Science/Human Need for Religion
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A 10 page research paper/essay that discusses current scientific research into the genetic basis for spiritual belief. The research of Dean H. Hamer is summarized and its implications are discussed. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: khhamer.rtf

Feeding response in crosses between geographical races of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans: A Critique of the Article by Stevan J. Arnold
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A 5 page review of this article exploring the geographic variance of food preference. Arnold’s article represents one of just a few studies which have explored geographic variation from a behavioral standpoint. Arnold chose to investigate the slug-eating behavior which typifies garter snake populations in mollusk-rich environments, asserting that his study “represents the most thorough documentation of geographic variation in behavior in the vertebrate literature”. Arnold crosses individuals from inland and coastal populations of garter snakes to test the food preference of the first generation offspring. He concludes that there is no perfect intermediacy in regard to the feeding preferences tested. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPgarter.rtf

Fertilizing Woody Ornamentals
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This 5 page paper discusses fall fertilization programs for trees, shrubs and vines defined as woody ornamentals. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KTwdshrb.wps

Firefly study
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A 3 page research paper that looks into the topic of firefly flashing and its purposes. The writer focuses on the species Photinus Pyralis, the most common firefly in the Eastern US, but also discusses general behavior for the species, hypothesizing that the female flash response increases with the male flash duration. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khfifly.rtf

Fish Evolution: Agnathans (jawless fish) to Gnathostomes (jawed fish)
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A 5 page discussion of the evolutionary advancements which propelled fish from their primitive jawless forms to the more advanced jawed forms. Distinguishes between the lamphreys and hagfish and identifies the hagfish as the most primitive vertebrate known to have ever lived. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPfishEv.wps

Food Colorings
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A 5 page paper discussing the use, origins and controversy of food color additives. The visual appeal of attractive food is too well established to believe that the FDA will make any real effort to remove food coloring agents from its list of approved additives. The product class can be expected to continue to be important, particularly in prepared foods. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSfoodColor.rtf

Frog Muscles
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In this 6 page essay, the author examines several factors inhibited and/or facilitating a frog's ability to jump using certain key muscles. Beginning with an introductory overview of amphibian/frog muscle structure, various idiosyncratic elements in the jump are explored. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Frogmusc.wps

Functions of Serotonin
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This 5 page paper reviews two articles that examine the role of serotonin, one looks at the implications of depressed serotonin levels and depression, the other looks at impulsive traits related to the polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEserotonin.rtf

Fungi and SBS
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A paper which looks at the Kingdom of Fungi, with particular reference to mycotoxins and their impact on human beings in the context of Sick Building Syndrome. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: JLfungi.rtf

Gender Roles
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A 17 page paper which examines various aspects of gender roles. Some of the topics discussed in the paper are how women are still the nurturers and homemakers despite their working roles, how mothers and fathers differ in child rearing practices, and how children are taught gender roles through toys. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: RAboygrl.rtf

Gene Therapy
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This 12 page paper provides an overview of gene therapy, its history, and its potential. Controversial aspects of this research are explored. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: SA631gen.rtf

Genetic Analysis Of A Short-Petjolule Type Soybean
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5 pages in length. In this particular scientific analysis, the researchers sought to either prove or disprove the incidence of short-petjolule type soybean plants relative to that of a recessive gene that exists within the hereditary composition. Bibliography lists 1 sources.
Filename: TLCsoybn.wps

Genetic Engineering: A Necessity For Feeding the Masses
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A 5 page discussion of the need for genetic engineering in order to improve our agricultural crops. Emphasizes that an ever-increasing population coupled with a shrinking agricultural land base is a recipe for disaster if alternative methodologies such as genetic engineering are not utilized. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPgenEng.rtf

Genetic Engineering; Boon or Bane
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This 5 page paper looks at the facts surrounding the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering and genetically modified crops. The issues of pest and virus control are examined and the emphasis is on the positive aspects of this new science. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEgeneng.wps

Genetically Engineered Foods: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
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A 7 page paper discussing this topic from social, geographic and anthropological perspectives. Many are fearful of using genetically modified foods, but there is no real evidence assessing long term effects either good or bad. However, loss of the natural form is the functional equivalent of extinction, and we can never know when new insights or new technological advances will reveal benefits of natural life forms crucial to human survival. If the natural form disappears before those capabilities come to be, then we can miss out on benefits that can be integral to our ultimate survival. This is the point at which interdisciplinary considerations converge. Each has a different perspective, but each ultimately is concerned with loss of the natural form. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSgenEngFood.rtf

Genetically Engineered Foods: Process, Controversy and Environmental Concerns
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This is a 9 page paper discussing genetic engineering in food. Genetic engineering (GE) or biotechnology in food involves the process of inserting genetic material into plant or animal breeds in the hopes to develop certain positive characteristics within that breed; characteristics which may have previously taken generations to propagate in the breed. In addition to accelerating the breeding of certain characteristics in plants and animals, GE also involves the introduction of new genetic material within breeds in the hopes for developing new characteristics in breeds. Genetic engineering in food mainly involves the processes of disease and pest resistance in addition to increasing yield. While GE in food may appear to be a positive step toward increasing food yield and decreasing loss of breeds to disease which perhaps could be extended to decreasing world hunger and increasing farmers’ productivity, the manufacturing of genetically engineered food has come under a great deal of controversy. One of the major areas of concern is the “release” of new crops into the environment which have not been tested and little is known of the long term effects of any of the GE crops. Another area of concern is that larger corporations retain the patents on the GE processes which does not allow for the introduction of these processes on a global basis. GE foods have become very expensive and their manufacturing is restricted to a relatively few large corporations and countries in which profit seems to have become the major incentive for the production of GE foods. Lastly, many of the same companies which produce GE pesticide resistant crops are the same companies which also produce pesticides bringing into question the motivation and type of development of GE foods. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJgenfd1.rtf

Genetically Modified Food
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A 6 page discussion of this technology. This paper defines this technology, lists some of its applications, and discusses the controversy surrounding it. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: PPgeneFood.rtf

Genetically Modified Plants: A Molecular Genetic Milestone
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of the molecular genetic milestone, the milestone of the genetic engineering and genetically modified plants. This paper integrates a view of the transformation of cellular research and genetic splicing related to genetically modified plants, and the implications of this kind of change. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHGenet3.rtf

Germination; The Effects of Light and Temperature;
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This 5 page paper considers the process of germination, how it occurs and the environmental conditions needed for its' success. The writer then goes on to consider the impact of light and temperature on germination rates and speeds. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEgermin.wps

Germs on Human Hands
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This 3 page paper looks at the problem with germs on human hands. How germs are transmitted is explored. This paper focuses on statistics and examines various forms of transmission as well as locale. Specific information is expressed regarding health care professionals and the use of gloves. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA538grm.rtf

Global Spatial Patterns of Mammal and Bird Diversity
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This 10 page paper provides an overview of biodiversity and pays special attention to endemic species diversity. Why certain birds and mammals are found in particular parts of the world is discussed. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: SA246bio.rtf

Global Warming: A Discussion of the Natural Processes Encapsulated by the Milankovitch Theory and the More Deleterious Manmade Influences
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A 10 page discussion of global warming as it is influenced by natural processes determined by the earth's rotation around the sun, natural processes encapsulated by the theories of Serbian astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch. The author of this paper asserts that the actions of those natural processes have been added to by pollution and activities such as deforestation. The result is an escalated scenario of global warming, a scenario with potentially disastrous results. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPglblW2.rtf

Glutamine; Chemistry, Role and Use in Treatment
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This 10 page paper outlines the biochemistry and role of glutamine and the way in which different organs react to changes such as infection creation a nutritional depletion on various cells disrupting different biophysical functions. The paper then considers how nutritionally supplements may or may not help to reduce the impact of glutamine. The bibliography cites 8 sources.
Filename: TEglutamine.rtf

History and Uses of Aloe
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A 10 page paper which presents an examination of the history and the uses of the aloe plant. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: RAaloe.rtf

Hornets / A General Overview
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A 3 page overview, covering items similar to "Hornets : A Sub-species of Social Wasps" (hornet.wps)- only with lesser attention to detail and no bibliography.
Filename: Hornets.wps