Hornets / A Sub-species of Social Wasps
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A detailed, 5 page overview of hornets in which the writer analyzes the species from a biological perspective. Reproduction, hibernation, metabolism, and pursuit of prey are some of the many items explored. Bibliography lists 2+ sources.
Filename: Hornet.wps

How the Theories of Charles Darwin Relate to Morality
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This 5 page report discusses Charles Darwin (1809-1892) and his studies which established the foundation of modern evolutionary theory. The question considered is how morality fits into the evolution of humanity. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BWdarmor.rtf

Human Beings Should Not Be Cloned
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This 5 page paper provides an overview on cloning, focusing on the negative ramifications, biologically, socially, and politically. Positive and negative aspects are discussed, but the paper concludes that human cloning can potentially do more harm than good. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA131cln.rtf

Human Cloning
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A 3 page paper which presents a brief proposal for human cloning. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: RAclone.rtf

Hypoxia in the Ocean
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Hypoxia is the serious phenomenon of water bodies suffering depletion in oxygen levels. This 7 page paper explains what hypoxia is, how it occurs including the impact of issues such as water mix, temperature and pollutions with nutrients before looking at the results of hypoxia. The paper is made up of 4 pages of text followed by three pages with PowerPoint slides for a presentation on the subject. The bibliography cites 2 sources.
Filename: TEhypoxia.rtf

Identification Methods For A Burned Body
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5 pages in length. Canadian forensic science is an integral component to the overall nature of victim identification. No matter the situation, Canada's forensic scientists are one of the first to arrive on the scene in order to collect pertinent clues for body cataloging. Basic identification is not so difficult a task for the most part, however, when the victim is burned beyond recognition, more complex methods must be utilized as a means by which to establish positive identification. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLCfire2.wps

Identifiying Three Species of Rails, Rallus Species
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A 5 page exercise in converting lists of facts to readable, continuous prose. This paper uses a field guide's description of three rails, which are marsh birds native to various areas of the US. The paper incorporates physical identification features, habitat description and differences in vocalization patterns in this technical writing exercise. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: KSbirdTech.wps

Impact of Music on Human Neurology/Children
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A 10 page research paper that explores the impact of music on the neurology of children. The writer explores research that addresses benefits derived from music instruction and also the neurological impact of listening to music. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: khmusneu.rtf

Imprinting in Animals
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This 8 page report discusses the processes and results of imprinting in animals. Dictionaries define imprinting as an “indelibly distinguishing effect or influence.” As such a statement applies to animals, it is an irreversible influence. Whether it is the homing “device” or ability of salmon, the ability of newborn animals of all species to recognize their parent, or the mating choices of any creature, what has been imprinted is what serves as one of the strongest determinants of their behavior. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: BWimprin.rtf

In Favor of Stem Cell Research
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A 4 page paper arguing that embryonic stem cell research should be permitted on embryos created in fertility clinics not supported by federal funds. Though we should proceed cautiously and certainly not allow creation of embryos solely for research purposes, neither should we reject out of hand investigating the use of stem cells already available through fertility clinics for the treatment of disease that exists now. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSstemClYes.rtf

In Which Environment Does Mold Grow Best?
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This 5 page paper is representative of a typical science fair report that might be submitted with a science fair project. It is written on a middle school level. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA246mol.rtf

Inability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Invade Epithelial Cells
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An 8 page paper discussing the research investigating possible paths to genetically altering this opportunistic bacterium so that it is unable to cause disease. The organism is ubiquitous, but rarely causes disease in healthy individuals. In those with compromised immune systems, however, it can be quite devastating. The focus of the research here is on genetically altering the organism's cell membrane so that it is not as readily able to adhere to epithelial cells, or so that it is not as readily taken up by them. Bibliography lists 10 sources in 20 footnotes.
Filename: KSPseudo-aeru.wps

Insect Adaptations, Disease, and Control
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A 10 page overview of the insects, their benefits and adverse impacts to humans. Emphasis is placed on their status as disease vectors. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Insectad.wps

Insight into the Digestive Process
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A 3 page overview of the digestive process. The author traces the route a Big Mac would take through out bodies, noting the digestive process, organs, and enzymes that would be involved in its processing. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PPsandwi.rtf

Invasive Non-Native Plants
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This 10 page report discusses non-native, invasive plants and the fact that they have often damaged more habitat than development. Non-native plants or invasive weeds follow a growth pattern opposite the native plants and overcome habitats either before or after the native plants are in season. They may be harmless and beneficial in their natural surroundings, but they can totally devastate different environments. Greater effort must be spent to make individuals aware of the potential harm and destroy non-native invaders when they first appear. Bibliography lists 16 sources.
Filename: BWinvasv.rtf

Invasive Species
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A 3 page paper which reacts to the article Invading the Pacific: Biological and Cultural Dimensions in Invasive Species in the Pacific Region by James Russell as it involves the historical aspect of invasive species. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAivvs.rtf

Is Evolution the History of Co-Operation
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This 6 page paper critically evaluates the statement that evolution is the history of co-operation. This is discussed from the perspective of evolutionary biology and looks at many types of organisms form soil bacterium through to bees and human life. The occurrence of cooperation and reasons for its’ occurrence and the way in which it is ensured, The paper also considers different types of cooperation before reaching a conclusion. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEevocop.rtf

James Shreeve/ "Secrets of the Gene"
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A 5 page analysis of James Shreeve's article "Secrets of the Gene," which explores the latest developments in gene research and its ramifications. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khgene.wps

Language and Tool Utilization Among the Apes
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A 4 page exploration of the question of whether apes and humans share features of cultural behavior. The author of this paper provides evidence that they do. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPapeLng.rtf

Lichens as Bioindicators
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A 5 page discussion of the use of lichens as biological indicators. Defines lichens, describes their varied and important ecological roles, and discusses the various environmental parameters which affect their growth, diversity, and distribution. Emphasizes the importance of analytical techniques which utilize lichens in assessing the impacts of air pollution. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPlichen.wps

Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy
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A 7 page paper discussing recent gains in research, particularly that addressing the role of sarcoglycans play in the progress and form of the disease. All forms of muscular dystrophy are known to result from genetic defects, including the limb-girdle form. Research has advanced rapidly in recent years, but important questions still remain unanswered. Much of the information that has been discovered is interpreted very differently by various researchers, giving rise to the situation in which the increase in knowledge of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy is gratifying yet remains inconclusive. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: KS-LGMD.wps

Links Between Sexuality and Gender
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This 5 page report discusses the fearfulness countless people experienced in terms of their attitudes regarding homosexuality resulted in specific, often erroneous, attributes being assigned to homosexuals -- the masculine woman, the limp-wristed man. Nobody denies that men and women are obviously different in terms of their reproductive purposes and capabilities. However, what should also be understood are the many ways of being female or male. Of the many human issues that cannot be defines as either black or white, human sexuality may be the most gray of them all. Bibliography lists one source.
Filename: BWgorsu3.wps

Lipids
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This 7 page paper examines lipids, what they are and their constituent fatty acids. The paper discusses the chemical structure of the fatty acids and the various lipids as well as where they are found and their functions. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TElipids.rtf

Literature Review: Cotton Harvest Aids
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16 pages. This is an extensive literature review on the topic of harvest aid chemicals and timings on cottonseed that are to be re-used for planting purposes. Some topics included are the cool/warm vigor index, seed index, and chemicals used. Bibliography includes 30 sources.
Filename: JGAseeds.rtf

Living or Nonliving
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This 3 page paper discusses the differences between living and nonliving things and how we can tell them apart; it also discusses the fact that people argue fire is alive, and how it's possible to demonstrate that it is not. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVLivNot.rtf

Long Range Navigational Habits of Birds
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This 5 page paper outlines the long range navigational habits of birds. For centuries, researchers have recognized that birds fly long distances with great ease and appear to demonstrate navigational habits or systems that are unparalleled. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: MHMigraB.rtf

Low Density Lipoproteins
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A 5 page paper discussing LDL's structure, origins and transport. Through current research, it is becoming increasingly apparent that LDL is involved in more systems than only those affecting the cardiovascular system. Further research into these interactions and better methods of measuring LDL's oxidative state hold promise of leading to synthesis of greater understanding of the molecule and its role in facilitating conditions of disease. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KS-LDL.wps

Mad Cow Disease
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A 5 page paper that describes the origins and development of bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease. This paper provides an overview of the disease and also considers its impact on the development of CJD in humans. Both are related to the epidemic in England in the early 1990s. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Madcow.wps

Marine Biology: From Ostracoderms to Halibut
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A 5 page discussion of one of the more notable discoveries in marine biology, the discovery of Ostracoderm fossils in marine substrate. The author uses that example to illustrate the diversity of the marine system and then follow up with a discussion of the life history of the Pacific Halibut. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPfishE2.rtf

Martin & Gould/Gender Stereotype & Reproduction
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A 3 page essay that discusses the essays "The Egg and the Sperm" by Emily Martin and "Women's Brains" by Jay Gould. Both authors address how culture can shape and influence what scientists present as "fact." While Martin and Gould address different aspects of gender bias that have appeared in science, they are in agreement that gender stereotypes of male and female behavior have highly influenced how natural phenomena is perceived. Both essays suggest that the general public should be highly skeptical of science whenever so-called "scientific" conclusions appear to justify or rationalize societal biases. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khmargou.rtf

MATT RIDLEY AND LANGUAGE INSTINCT IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES
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This 4 page paper discusses the debate of whether non-human primates have the instinct for learning language as humans do. Examples given, Matt Ridley discussed. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MBridley.rtf

Medicinal Herbs and Dentistry: Potential Complications
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A 5 page overview of the potential medicinal value of herbs. This paper emphasizes that benefit can be overshadowed by negative impacts when these drugs are combined with others or taken in high concentration such as in herbal tea. The author provides brief notes on aloe, echinacea, feverfew, garlic, ginger, gingko biloba, ginseng, goldenseal, and Saint John’s Wort. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPherbDn.rtf

Memes, Biology, and Religious Diversity
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A 12 page research paper that examines a variety of questions concerning biology and current ideas about how it interacts with religion. Topics explored include memes and the work of Susan Blackmore, Consilience by Edward O. Wilson, the work of Gould and Wolfram, and more. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: khmemque.rtf

Methodologies for Sanitizing Kitchen Equipment: Heat or Chemicals?
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A 5 page discussion of the importance of maintaining sanitary conditions in food preparation areas. The author distinguishes between the terms "cleaning", "sanitation", and "disinfection", noting that both heat and chemicals provide a ready means of insuring food safety. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPsaniti.rtf

Microbial Adhesion
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A 5 page overview of the literature reporting on the status of knowledge regarding the factors which influence the adhesion of microbial organisms. Notes that many of these factors are the same in the oral environment as they are in other environments. Emphasizes the importance of the curvature and molecular configuration of the microbe and the short range ionic interactions which occur. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPdentMc.wps

Microbiology: Gram-Positive Bacteria Cells
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This is a 3 page paper discussing Gram-positive bacteria. In the study of microbiology, common Gram-positive bacteria cells are Straphlyococcus aureus or Streptococcus cremoris often used in dairy production. Gram-positive bacteria are considered distinct in their multiple layered cell walls almost made up entirely of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria have four associated families which include Bacillaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, and Peptococcaceae all of which vary in their growth rates, motility, and the media on which they grow. In addition, some Gram-positive bacteria have the ability to produce specific biochemical activities and/or specific toxins. Because of this, Gram-positive bacteria are sometimes used for fermentation, the reduction of nitrate or the production of coagulase or catalase among other uses. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJmicro1.rtf

Mineral, Energy, and Water Resources of Kentucky
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A 17 page overview of the natural resources of the state of Kentucky. Provides a broad overview of the types of minerals which exists in the state and emphasizes that mining, while necessary to the economy and energy needs of the state, can have tremendous environmental impacts. Summarizes the importance and impact of limestone mining in particular and cautions that mining alone is not the only adverse environmental impact in the state of Kentucky. Outlines the importance of the states water bodies (including a two page list of some of the most noted) and wetlands and the impacts of such activities as the construction and operation of hydroelectric dams and domestic wastewaters. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPkyMnrl.wps

Miniature Rose Culture
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A 5 page paper discussing the commercial culture of the miniature roses that have become so much easier to find at retail outlets. The paper provides some information on the history of the miniature rose, its propagation, culture and susceptibility to disease and insect pests. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSminiRoses.rtf

Modern Day Theory Of Evolution
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5 pages in length. The writer discusses contemporary views on evolution, as well as discusses DNA as it relates to recent evidence. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCevlut.wps

Modern Histological Technique and Safety
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This 5 page paper outlines procedures which may be used to create a safer working climate in the laboratory. A technique to substitute more risky materials is explored. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA049his.wps

Molecular Aspects of Latency in Herpes Simplex-1
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A 15 page sequel to KS-HSV.wps expanding on the more basic principles of that first paper. This paper focuses exclusively on HSV-1 and explores issues such as gene expression, gene products, function and possible mechanisms of action of the latency-associated gene expression in much greater depth. It also goes into more highly detailed discussion of molecular conditions and actions in the establishment of latency. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: KS-HSV-1.wps

Molecular Mixtures and Cross-Membrane Transport
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A 5 page review of “Drug Delivery: Breaching the Membrane”, an article by Joe Alper published in the May 3, 2002 edition of “Science”. Alper’s (2002) research concentrates on the cell membrane and the manner in which cross-membrane transport occurs, specifically the manner in which membrane-bound protein transporters function to allow various nutrients and hormones across. Alper’s paper adds insight to both the structure and function of the cell membrane and its components and how each relates to the molecular structure of the body’s complex mixture of chemicals. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPdrugTr.rtf

Molecular Modeling: Conformation Analysis and Energy Minimization
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A 6 page paper discussing these two aspects of computational chemistry. The next generation of narrowly-targeted drugs seems to be about to appear over the horizon. Conformation analysis and molecular modeling play increasing roles in new drug research. Conformation is important in that it can change according to its environment; energy levels affect action. Drug developers need to discover the most effective conformation, but they also need to be able to retain that conformation despite conditions external to the molecule. Bibliography lists 7 sources. Includes a Newman projection diagram.
Filename: KSmolecModel.rtf

Molecular Nature of Latency in Herpes Simplex
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A 15 page paper discussing the mechanisms by which Herpes simplex can lie dormant for years and then reappear. An individual's first experience with Herpes simplex is not his last. Once there has been an initial outbreak, viral DNA finds its way to the nuclei of neurons of the sensory nervous system. There it lies dormant until stimulated to again become active. The ability of Herpes simplex to become latent and then reactivate has been implicated as having a role in some forms of cancer, as well as facilitate the transmission of HIV. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: KS-HSV.wps

Monoclonal Antibody
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of monoclonal antibody and its potential uses. The concept is defined. Its role in potentially curing cancer is highlighted. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA208MAb.rtf