Motor Executions And The Role Of The Central Nervous System
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A 7 page overview of the role of the central nervous system in motor functions. Specific information is provided about such components of the central nervous system as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and neurons. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Cerebraln.wps

Natural Selection and Stories by Bellow and Gold
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This 6 page paper uses Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection in his book “The Origin of Species” as a springboard for a discussion of two other stories, “Fifty Cents a Night” by Michael Gold and “Looking for Mr. Green” by Saul Bellow. Using other supporting articles, the paper argues that nature selects the strongest to survive, but does not necessarily select the good, nor does it appear that “goodness” is a quality for survival. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVDaBeGo.rtf

Nature v. Nurture/Environment Wins
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A 3 page research paper/essay that examines the nature v. nurture debate and argues in favor of nurture. The "nature versus nurture" debate has been going on now for over a century, as it began in the nineteenth century when a cousin of Charles Darwin, Francis Galton, came up with the idea of "improving" the human race through "selective breeding" (Hogenboom 1402). Since that time the pendulum has swung back and forth with either "nature" (that is, the influence of inherited traits) or "nurture" (the influence of the environment) being predominant among scholars. However, considering the latest research, the indications are that nurture is more important than nature in making us who and what we are. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khnuwins.rtf

Nature vs. Nurture / Article Discussion
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This debate is presented in a 1997 New York Times article that proposes two diametric sides on the issue of brain development. A 5 page critical analysis explores assumptions made in the article. Pros and cons are shown on each side. While no side is taken, the analysis suggests that political correctness may play a role in the debate. No other sources used.
Filename: Nnurt.wps

Nature: Charles Darwin and Annie Dillard
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A 4 page paper which compares and contrasts the view of nature held by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species and Annie Dillard in Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAdwnu.rtf

Networks And The Science Of Interconnectivity
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This 3 page paper outlines the way in which network and interconnectivity may be studied. The paper starts by looking at different forms of networks and the way that interconnectivity is seen. The influences on the way networks operate and the links with modern technology are also explored. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEnetinter.rtf

New Testing Procedures for Tuberculosis
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This 6 page paper explores the new rapid testing procedures for diagnosing TB. Details concerning specimen collection and processing are also touched on. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA136TB.rtf

Nicotine as a Defense Mechanism
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A 5 page paper discussing the phytochemical nicotine. More than 50,000 phytochemicals have been identified in angiosperms; nicotine is only one. It appears to have evolved as a protection device against herbivores, bacteria and fungi, but the struggle that farmers make against tobacco hornworm and blue mold indicate that nicotine is not always successful as a deterrent against attack. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSnicotine.rtf

Notch Protein Linked With Alzhiemer's Disease
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This 8 page paper examines the potential link between Notch protein and Alzheimer’s disease. The paper looks at the symptoms and biological characteristics of Alzheimer’s and roles of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the presenilin proteins and amyloid beta proteins. The bibliography cites 9 sources.
Filename: TEaltznotch.rtf

Nucleic Acids
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A 7 page research paper on nucleic acids. There are two nucleic acids -- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)--that provide the "blue prints" or templates for building all of the hundreds of thousands of proteins required by the bodies of living organisms. This paper provides a basic introduction into their structure and function. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khdnarna.rtf

Object Recognition
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This 5 page paper considers the complex subject of how objects are recognised by the human brain. The paper starts with the concept of structural decomposition and recognition by components and then moves onto the ideas of Humphrey and multiple view theories. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEobjectr.rtf

Oleaceae: The Olive Family
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A 4 page botanical description of this highly diverse family. The author describes several genera and specific species, paying particular attention to taxonomic characteristics. The invasiveness of Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) is explored in relation to its taxonomic characteristics. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPoliveF.rtf

Origins of Human Life
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A 6 page research paper that discusses what science knows about the origins of life on Earth and also the origins of human life. Bibliography lists 3 sources
Filename: khhumorn.rtf

Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera)
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A 12 page overview of the species, its characteristics, and its ecological niche. This paper emphasizes that not only is the species attractive enough to make it one of the more desirable landscaping plants, it has been used throughout history for purposes as diverse as bow and arrow construction, to use as living fence poles, to phytoremediation. While the species is native to North America, it is not native to all regions of North America even though it has been introduced there. Ironically the same qualities which made it desirable for various anthropomorphic interests have resulted in the plant being spread into areas in which it is now considered an invasive exotic. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: PPosageO.rtf

Overfishing, Sharks, and Biodiversity
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An 8 page overview of the impacts of overfishing on sharks and other species, some of which might not be immediately obvious as to their relation with the shark. Emphasizes that our oceans are fascinating testaments to the complexity and interrelationships of living organisms, that they are comprised of a number of interrelated components, each with its own ecological value. Details possible impacts to both open water diversity and coral reef biodiversity as a result of the overfishing of sharks. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPshark.wps

Pheromone's in Insects
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This 10 page paper looks at pheromones, what they are, how they work, their discovery and how they might be used. The chemical compounds are discussed and the use of the synthetic chemicals as a replacement for pesticides is discussed. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEphemin.wps

Philodendrons: Environmental Considerations and Care
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An 8 page overview of the considerations which must be made when growing Philodendron. Devotes considerable attention to growth preferences and the physiological reasons behind those preferences. Concludes that while Philodendrons are among the easiest of houseplants to grow, attention must be paid to the type of soil that they are planted in, the presence of absence of surfaces upon which the vine can trail, appropriate soil water levels and humidity, and the provision of a clean environment which discourages pests. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: PPplntPh.wps

Photosynthesis
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A 5 page overview of photosynthesis. This paper provides a brief history of the early discoveries that were relevant to photosynthesis, an overview of the limiting factors affecting it, an outline of the light and dark processes, modern representations of photosynthesis, and a recap of the value of photosynthesis in nature. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPplntPh.rtf

Photosynthesis, and Other Topics
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A 4 page research paper that offers brief answers to 5 science questions. Topics covered include photosynthesis (why it's vital to life); what other source of energy could life have used (hydrothermals); lipids; difference between organic and inorganic molecules and difference between dominant and recessive genes. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khbioq.rtf

Plant Growth: The Importance of Soil and Photosynthesis
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A 6 page review of the importance of soil and photosynthesis to plant growth. The author identifies the nutrients of concern for plants as well as other environmental parameters that can affect their growth. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPsoil.rtf

Plant Physiology, Morphology and Ecology in the Sonoran and Saharan Desert: A Comparison
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This 5 page paper provides a detailed description comparing plant physiology, morphology, and ecology of plants of two regions: Sonoran and Sahara Deserts. This paper provides some generalized information on desert conditions and plant physiology and then demonstrates the variations related to the plants studies of both of these regions. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHplantp.wps

Plant Physiology: The Role of Heat and Auxin Regulation
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A 6 page discussion of the role of auxin in plant physiology. Concentrates on the work with Arabidopsis thaliana but ties this research into other plant species and the effects of fire on the physiology of some of these species. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPauxin2.wps

Plant Pollinators
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A 5 page paper on how floral color affects the activity of plant pollinators. Studies show that the color changes that a flower undergoes as it ages has a direct affect on the insect pollinators. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: 99pollin.wps

Pneumonia
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A 3 page overview of pneumonia. Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of factors. These include both bacterial and viral organisms. The epidemiology of each of these organisms vary as does the specifics of the treatment regime. One of the most important aspects of dealing with pneumonia is prevention. Prevention is especially important for community acquired pneumonia. Effective prevention requires accurate diagnosis of the cases that do exist, isolation of infected patients, and strict attention to hygiene both by the patient and by those that move between patients. While antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial pneumonia, treatment for viral pneumonia is normally supportive in nature. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPpneumo.rtf

Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Effects on Reproduction
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A 12 page overview of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their adverse impact on the reproduction of both humans and other animals. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: Pcb.wps

Positive Aspects Combining Nature and Technology
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5 pages. The introduction of bioengineering into the mainstream of science and technology has been nothing more than a natural progression. To be sure, there is a definite need for such advancement if humanity is to endure the climate changes that are affecting the very food crop upon which people depend. Additionally, the advantages of bioengineering within the medical industry have proven indispensable for its groundbreaking discoveries and applications with regard to sustaining health in the human body. There is no question that bioengineering represents mankind's ability to overcome some of nature's most ravaging aspects in order to continue -- and even enhance -- life as we have known it thus far. Without the influence of bioengineering, humanity's food supply and medical advances would suffer greatly. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAntrtc.wps

Possible Career Directions: Marine Biologist or Personal Trainer?
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A 4 page discussion of these potential career directions. The student choosing an occupational path has a number of considerations to take into account. Even fields as apparently unrelated as Marine Biology and Physical Education (a field often pursued by Personal Trainers) in reality have a number of similarities in regard to certain coursework and career paths which could be chosen. Such fields also have a number of distinctions which the student should consider. This paper considers each. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPprsTrn.rtf

Practical Applications of Systematics
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This 4 page paper looks at systematics mostly in the realm of science but also in other areas. Stephen Jay Gould's views are included. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA344sys.rtf

Pregnancy Numbers
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A 7 page research paper that discusses the "numbers" of pregnancy. One way to look at human fetal development and pregnancy is to consider the mathematics involved. From "calculating due dates to weighing the risks of birth defects," pregnancy involves a plethora of numbers, calculations and exponential growth (O'Brien 56). These numbers are discussed. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: khpreg.rtf

Presumed Efficiency of Owl Ears
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5 pages. This interesting paper will cover the idiosyncrasies of the ears of owls based on the efficiency of prey location in the dark with asymmetrical ears and symmetrical eyes. The paper compares two species of day owls with two species of night owls in order to determine if there is a difference in their ear placement based on their hunting habits. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: JAowlear.rtf

Prey-Size Selection
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An 8 page research paper on prey-size selection as it relates to spiders. A number of relevant concepts are examined including : aggressive mimicry, pirate spiders vs. web-invading araneophagic spiders, the role of mimetids, and more. Bibliography lists approximately 20 sources.
Filename: Preysize.wps

Prions / An Informative Overview
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A 5 page examination of the proteanaceous infectious particles which are responsible for the degeneration of brain cells. Concentrates on the replication of these proteins which, unlike living organisms, reproduce in the absence of any genetic material. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Prions.wps

Processing Similarities for Visual and Auditory Stimuli
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This 5 page paper compares and contrasts the differences in terms of processing visual and auditory stimuli. Perceptual organization is discussed in depth. Many terms such as perception and perceptual organization are defined. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA242sti.rtf

Prokaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and the Potential for Genetic Manipulation
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A 9 page discussion of the cellular structure of these two broad categories of cells. Notes that prokaryotic cells lack a limiting nuclear membrane and are represented among single cell organisms such as bacteria and the blue green algae while eukaryotic cells are found in multicellular organisms. Describes the major structural components of these cells and emphasizes that even the most simplistic of these cells can have tremendous importance even to the most advanced of multicellular organisms. Notes that this importance can be particularly concerning in the case of genetic modification of disease causing single-cell organisms for the purposes of biological warfare. Bibliography lists sources.
Filename: PPcell.rtf

Proposal For Researching The Reproductive Patterns Of Armadillidium Vulgare (Pillbug)
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A 5 page overview of Armadillidium vulgare, the pillbug. Includes a description of the organism and its habitat preferences. Discusses the reproductive patterns of the terrestrial isopod and presents a proposal for an experiment designed to determine if minor alterations in substrate in a nursery situation can be used as an effective control for pillbugs. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Pillbug.wps

Prostanoid Receptors
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A 9 page research paper that, first of all, describes prostanoid receptors and their role in human physiology and then briefly summarizes current scientific research on this topic. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: khprorec.rtf

Protein shape & its influence on cellular interactions
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A 6 page research paper that investigates how the shapes that protein assumes influences the healthy functioning of cells. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: khcell.wps

Protein Synthesis
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A 4 page paper describing the method by which ribosomes synthesize proteins in the cell’s cytoplasm. The paper identifies amylase as being one of the body’s proteins, one so specific that its presence in blood confirms diagnosis of pancreatitis, a potentially fatal disease. Includes one figure. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSproteinSyn.rtf

Pseudoscience: Common Depictions Verses Scientific Fact in Homosexuality
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A 5 page discussion of the inaccuracies regarding the root causes of sexual preference. Suggests that these inaccuracies are particularly damaging when they are misrepresented as scientific fact. Present real facts regarding homosexuality which would support the contention that sexual preference is genetically determined. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPsciFrd.wps

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
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A 5 page paper discussing the Psittacine disease that is not limited only to the parrot family. PBFD has been found to infect and cause disease in geese and even guinea pigs, and it is believed to affect poultry species as well. It is now known that the disease is caused by a virus and that feather dystrophy may be the only symptoms apparent until shortly before death. The virus persists in the environment for long periods that may stretch into years. It has increasing commercial implication as birds become more common pets, and it has long-reaching implications for aviculture's efforts to preserve those species endangered by loss of tropical habitat. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KS-PBFD.wps

Questions in Biology
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A 15 page address of fifteen specific questions from biology. The author addresses questions ranging from the association between carbon dioxide and photosynthesis to genetics to seed dispersal. Three sources are listed.
Filename: PPbioTestQs.rtf

Reducing Green House Gas Emissions in Irish Dairy Farming
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There is little doubt that green house gases need to be reduced. This 15 page paper summarizes an article that assesses the potential of different dairy herd management systems to reduce the direct and indirect green house gas emissions. The reseach also looked at the impact on profit levels. The paper summarises the findings of the reseach and then offers a neutral opinion on the reseach. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEgasfarm.rtf

Regulating Patents for the Human Genome
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8 pages in length. This paper gives a convincing argument that the high money stakes for the human genome research needs to be more closely regulated by the government. The inherent problems in allowing private enterprise to profit from this means it could be less than helpful to medical research. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAgnome.wps

Regulating Patents for the Human Genome
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10 pages in length. This paper gives a convincing argument that the high money stakes for the human genome research needs to be more closely regulated by the government. The inherent problems in allowing private enterprise to profit from this means it could be less than helpful to medical research. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAgnome1.wps

Regulating Patents for the Human Genome
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12 pages in length. Goes over the arguments against Human Gerome research, as well as those arguements for it. This excellent paper gives a great overview of the entire research and earning potential of the research on human genetic mapping. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: JGAgnome2.wps