Temperature Regulation in Animals
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A 5 page review of thermoregulation in animals. Discusses the differences between ectothermia and endothermia in reptiles, fish, mammals and birds. Discusses animals classified as poikilothermic, having a body temperature which fluctuates widely, and those classified as homeothermic, having a narrowly constricted body temperature range. Includes a representative graph of these variations and a graphic showing bones structure and its relevance. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TempReg.wps

Testing an Empirical Method / Salivary Cortisol
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A 4 page review of a controlled study that shows that a method used to determine hormone levels in children was flawed because the stimulus used inflated results in 1,418 salivary cortisol tests on children. By testing the method, the authors exposed how some child development studies may have inflated findings. The authors propose means for improving the method and eradicating errors in existing studies. Bibliography lists a single source.
Filename: Cnchdev.wps

The All Macaw Group
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A 10 page paper examining an Internet membership group in terms of composition, function, operation and differences from traditional mass media. This form of communication is one in which many can take part, but it still retains the form of exchange between individuals. This provides a significant difference between the group and traditional mass media. The other primary difference is that it is the group members, rather than the list owner, who determine what the content and topics of discussion will be. An appendix fills half of the paper; the appendix tracks group activity for 10 consecutive days, giving a synopsis of discussion topics in this group that has only 123 members but averaged nearly 17 posts daily over 10 days. The group’s focus is the care and breeding of macaw parrots. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSallMacaw.rtf

The American Alligator / Alligator Mississippiensis
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A 5 page overview of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Includes information on its evolutionary relationship to the crocodile, its reproductive strategy, habitat preferences, subsistence patterns and other behavior. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Alligat2.wps

The Anasazi of the Great Basin
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A 16 page paper discussing the history and fate of the Anasazi, ancestors of the Pueblos occupying the American Southwest for a period of time measured in thousands of years. The Anasazi disappeared abruptly, however, in the 13th century. Investigation points to drought, but some researchers believe that the Anasazi committed environmental missteps that eventually led to their demise. The paper traces some of the early cultural changes, discusses the water cycle and presents results of research focusing on and Anasazi. Bibliography lists 17 sources.
Filename: KSanasazi.rtf

The Animal Language Controversy
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A 5 page discussion of language. Explains the evolution of language in humans both in terms of innate capability and as being an evolution which occurred as a result of environmental stimuli. Concludes that while animals have an innate capability for language they have not experienced the need for more complex evolutionary aspects of the basic forms of language that they currently exhibit. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPlngAni.wps

The Bartrams / A Special View of Nature
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a 4 page research paper that looks at Thomas P. Slaughter's account of the lives of John and William Bartram--father and son, they were two of America's first horticulturists and botanists. Ahead of their times in many ways, the writer shows that science is substantiating many of their opinions. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Bartrams.wps

The Benefits of Genetically Modified Food
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A 9 page discussion of the benefits of bioengineering, the genetic alteration of food species. Presents the contention that genetically altered food species are the key to feeding the world's ever increasing population on the ever decreasing agricultural areas. Counters objections to bioengineering and concludes that it is the people themselves who should decide the direction of bioengineering. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPfoodGn.wps

The Benefits of Integrated Pest Management
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5 pages. The purpose of integrated pest management is to utilize the management of destruction by pests to crops and other agriculture with as little damage to the environment as possible. By using a system of integration we can cut down on the harmful chemicals and poisons that often harm the ecological balance. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAipest.rtf

The Biology and Ethics of Human Cloning
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This 9 page paper provides an overview of cloning in general and then goes into political, moral and social implications of human cloning. Both sides are explored, but the paper supports the concept of human cloning. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: SA231cln.rtf

The Biology of Tapeworms
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A 6 page discussion of tapeworm life cycle and impact to man. This paper provides an overview of tapeworm biology as well as specific information on Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm which affects both humans and other higher vertebrates such as cattle and pigs and Taenia solium, a tapeworm in which the primary hosts is pigs while the intermediate host is man. These species are the two most common tapeworms infesting man and can exert tremendous economic and health impacts on the human population. They do so through an evolutionary design which ensures their success in invading and parasitizing their hosts. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPtapewr.rtf

The Botany of Coffee
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A 5 page paper discussing the coffee plant's structure and habit, then discussion of caffeine's effects on the body. Coffee is one of those plants that does not grow as well where it is native as it does where it does not. Native to Africa, it grows best for commercial purposes about 25 either side of the equator. It is important commercially regardless of where it is grown, however, with about 400 million cups being consumed each day by two-thirds of the world's population. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Kscoffee.doc

The Burgess Shale Fauna/Dinosaur to Bird Fossil Record: Parallels and Contrasts
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An 11 page comparison of the simplicity of the animal species preserved in the Burgess Shale Deposit and the complex evolutionary path recorded in the fossil record for modern-day birds. Discusses the controversy and debate surrounding the question of the speculated origin of birds from dinosaurs. Discusses the current findings in the field and the need for additional research. Paper concludes that not only is there no current connection between the Burgess Shale deposit and the evolutionary path of our modern birds, the theories that connect modern day birds to dinosaurs will undoubtedly continue to be challenged in the future. Emphasizes that research is ongoing, however, and that the probability of identifying a clear and irrefutable association between the dinosaurs and the modern birds is more probable than improbable. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPdinoBd.wps

The Cell as a "Supramolecular Machine"
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An 8 page overview of cellular function. Concentrating on cellular function in viruses, the author utilizes RNA to illustrate the view that the cell is a supramolecular machine. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPrnaCll.rtf

The Cellular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis
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7 pages. This paper about cystic fibrosis deals with a journal article that explains research into the molecular and cellular basis of cystic fibrosis. Included in this paper is what is known about the disease process, why the research was undertaken and what it contributes to the knowledge of pathobiology. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: JAcysfib.rtf

The Characteristics, Types, and Significance of Snakes
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of the basic elements similar in all types of snakes, including anatomical elements, reproduction and locomotion and then outlines some of the specifics in three snake examples: garter snakes, cornsnakes and boa constrictors. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MHsnakes.wps

The Chemistry of Water
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A 6 page description of water. The author details the chemical structure of water and how this structure determines its behavior in response to temperature and in response to other substances. A brief history on temperature measurement with specifics of the distinction between the Fahrenheit scale, the Celsius scale, and the Kelvin scale is provided as well. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPwater2.rtf

The Chemistry of Water
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A 8 page description of water and the chemical properties that make it so unique. The author details the chemical structure of water and how this structure determines its behavior in response to temperature and in response to other substances. A brief history on temperature measurement with specifics of the distinction between the Fahrenheit scale, the Celsius scale, and the Kelvin scale is provided. The chemical process that occurs when "hard" water is subjected to boiling temperatures is illustrated with the use of chemical formulas. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPwater3.rtf

The Ediacaran Biota of the Precambrian: A Separate Kingdom or The Ancestors of Modern Animals
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A 10 page overview of the Ediacaran Biota, an assemblage of fascinating organisms first discovered in the fossil record in 1946. Describes the ongoing controversy as to whether these organisms belonged to the Animal Kingdom or comprised their own previously undescribed kingdom. Presents the ancillary question that if these organisms were indeed animals did they die out in the Precambrian or are they actually the ancestors of modern day animals. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPfossil.wps

The effect of temperature on the rate of carbon dioxide production in saccharomyces
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This 6 page paper considers the way that temperature will impact on the rate of carbon dioxide, the paper tests the hypothesis that the higher the temperature the more rapid the rate of carbon dioxide. This is tested using yeast. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEcarsac.rtf

The Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth
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A 5 page discussion of bacterial growth in the presence of antibiotics. Examines how bacterial growth is dependent on a number of their physiological mechanisms such as enzymes, proteins, and even the communication of one organism with another in a phenomenon referred to as quorum sensing. Emphasizes that it is critical to continue our quest to understand the specifics of how antibiotics influence bacterial growth. By improving our understanding and concentrating on developing antibiotics which only work on specific intracellular functions of bacteria we have a higher chance of improving the long-term health not only of human populations but also of those populations of plants and animals upon which we depend. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPantibi2.wps

The Effects of Hormones on Plants
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An 8 page research paper which discusses plant growth, plant hormones, as well as provides the findings of research studies on how hormones effect plant growth. Includes a discussion of two or more hormones in detail. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Planhorm.wps

The Effects of Pollution on Plants
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An 8 page research paper about the effects of sulfur dioxide on plants in a variety of locales. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Pollplan.wps

The Endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal
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7 pages. The Hawaiian monk seal is an endangered species. There are only six breeding locations left in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This paper will focus on how and why the population has begun to decline and the problem of genetic variability in some of the breeding populations which inevitably leads to problems within the species. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: JGAmseal.rtf

The Endangered Species: Ivory from Elephants
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5 pages. The African elephant is threatened with extinction and the trade in their ivory was forbidden in 1989 by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). There is still, however, a serious poaching problem because ivory remains to be a highly sought after product. The implications of this illegal trade and the demand for it is discussed along with the organizations and groups that are involved. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAivory.rtf

The Ethics of Bioengineered Foods
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A 5 page review of the purported advantages and disadvantages of bioengineered foods. Outlines the history of bioengineering and introduces the concept of bioethics. Concludes that bioethics are both shaped by and shape societal perceptions of wrong and right. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPbioEnF.wps

The Ethics of Human Cloning
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9 pages in length. The volatile controversy concerning cloning is not one that is easily solved. When perusing several articles on the subject of cloning, there are any number of excellent arguments on each side of the issue; however, many of these arguments are nothing more than scare tactics or ridiculous claims that are not valid in the scientific field on which this is based. This paper presents the ethical issues involved with the topic of human cloning. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: JGAclone.wps

The Evolution of Birds from Dinosaurs
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An 11 page overview of the evolutionary path of the modern day birds. Discusses the controversy and debate surrounding the question of the speculated origin of birds from dinosaurs. Discusses the current findings in the field and the need for additional research. Identifies twenty common elements between the earliest known birds and the coelurosaurian dinosaurs. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Evodino.wps

The Evolution of Teeth
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A 10 page outline of the evolution of teeth from the lower vertebrates to more advanced species such as man. Describes the origin of jaw structure and structures such as conodonts (minute toothlike structures) which were the precursors of advanced teeth. Outlines the further evolution of these teeth in the higher mammals with the appearance of features like the hypocone which expanded the grinding surface of teeth and resulted in an explosion of mammal species some forty thousand years ago. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPevTeth.wps

The Evolution-Creationism Debate
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This 5 page paper examines both points of view and concludes that these are not necessarily competing theories and may even complement each other. The debate is discussed and each concept is defined and explored. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA512evo.rtf

The Evolutionary Theory in Relation to Women and Minority Women Today
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This is a 3 page paper discussing the evolutionary theory in regards to women and minority women today. The evolutionary theory as proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859 in his text “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life” introduced the ideas of adaptation and change to the environment, natural selection, and “survival of the fittest” a term coined by Herbert Spencer in its application to humans. Although the theories of Darwin have undergone a certain amount of transition themselves over the last 150 years, many of the elements still be applied today. One aspect is its application to women and women minorities in today’s society. Generally, it has been found that both physically and mentally minority women have learned to adapt into new environments more easily than men and women overall have learned certain aggressive behavior necessary for their own survival and the survival of their children. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJevolw1.rtf

The Flea in History
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A 10 page overview of the flea and its impact on human history. This paper describes the natural history of the flea and its impact as a vector on its human host. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPbioFleas.rtf

The Forest Biome
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This 10 page paper is a PowerPoint presentation with accompanying notes. The presentation looks at temperate forest biomes, giving general background on biomes to place the temperate forest biome in the broader context, looks at the characteristics and gives examples of different types of symbiotic relationships and compares this to a freshwater biome which may boarder with it. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEbiomef.rtf

The Future of Stem Cell Research
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An 11 page overview of the current state of stem cell research and its potential for future benefit. Lamenting the current governmental restrictions on embryonic stem cell research, this paper emphasizes the myriad of possibilities that stem cell research holds in terms of improving human life. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPstemC7.rtf

The Genetic Engineering Controversy
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This 4 page paper addresses the problem of food supply and the role of genetic engineering. One article is used as a springboard for discussion. This short paper is separated into three parts, and questions are answered, as requested by a student. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA440gen.rtf

The Genetic Pathway and Developmental Evolution
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A 7 page discussion of genetic pathways, specifically the direction of the orderly expression of specific gene subsets, a process which is controlled by tissue-specific transcription factors. Specific DNA target sequences are bound by these transcription factors and, in turn, interact with one another on either a cooperative basis or an antagonistic basis to control expression of the gene subsets. This interaction is aided as well by extracellular signaling molecules which both control and are controlled by the transcription factors. Ties these basic observations together with a review of research on species as diverse as Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish. An additional 2 pages are appended on this paper which identify several references which could be applicable in an expanded review of this subject. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: PPgenePt.wps

The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)
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A 6 page overview of the behavior, ecology, and management concerns which exist for this fascinating carnivore. The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is not only one of the most impressive of the large North American mammals it is also one of the most misunderstood. Recent conservation efforts have been successful in reviving an almost extinct population but this success has not been without its problems. As wolf populations expand their threat to man, whether perceived or real, grows. This paper emphasizes that proper management of the gray wolf involves not just species specific management but ecosystem management as a whole. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPwolf.rtf

The Human Cloning Debate
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This 4 page paper looks at two articles on human cloning. Both sides of the issue are explored but the paper ultimately supports cloning. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA616clo.rtf

The Human Digestive System / Its Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Development
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A 7 page exploration of the concepts of phylogeny and ontongeny in relation to the digesive system. Discusses the embryonic development of the digestive system and points out that, although it is possible that certain phases of our evolution are reflected in our embryonic development, this reflection is sporadic and quite different from the view held in the nineteenth century that an organism's embryological developmental phases give a clear picture of its evolutionary history. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Humandig.wps

The Impacts of Mendelian Genetics
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A 4 page contention that the result of Gregor Mendel's research has not only changed the way people perceive the world, but also the way people live in it. Carefully quantifying his bservations, Mendel was able to come to produce a set of laws that allow us to predict the genetic outcome of specific genetic crosses. Other geneticists have expanded this knowledge and made it an integral component of many aspects of our lives. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPmendel.rtf

The Importance of Phylogenetic Relationships in Evolutionary Biology
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A 5 page contention that phylogenetic relationships are a critical component of evolutionary biology. Indeed, it is upon our knowledge of phylogeny which we base much of our theory of evolution. Even in “Origin of Species”, that infamous production of an earlier century which many consider synonymous with the concept of evolution, Darwin relies heavily on his knowledge of phylogeny to assess the characteristics of plants and animals which he observed on his scientific voyage on the “Beagle”. Contends that this is only one example, of the many interrelationships of phylogeny and evolutionary theory which have occurred over time. It, along with the somewhat antiquated concept of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny, however, illustrates the importance of phylogeny to evolutionary theory. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPphylog.wps

The Importance of Water
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This 5 page paper looks at the properties of water and its life sustaining functions. Various benefits of water exercise are duly noted. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA309H2O.rtf

The Language Evolution Debate
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This 5 page paper examines language evolution and the various controversial theories that exist. The paper focuses on an article by Michael Corballis that is the center of the discussion. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA534lng.rtf

The Lazarus Effect and the ‘Feathers’ of the Longisquama
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This 3 page paper is written in two parts, answering several questions; which of the three commonly accepted explanations is most likely to explain the Lazarus effect, what value or information the Lazarus effect provides when studying the fossil record and what is meant by refugia. The second part of the paper looks at the appendages of Longisquama considers if these are mostly likely to be feathers or scales, the role they may have had and whether it was likely to be the ancestor of bird life.The bibliography cites 7 sources.
Filename: TElazaru.rtf

The Living Fossil "Palms"
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A 5 page paper discussing the physical characteristics, geographical distribution, morphological adaptations and reproduction of the genus Cycas of the Cycadaceae family. The long survival of Cycas is easy to explain, though some species are now endangered because of their commercial value and the slow growth rate of their seedlings. Others are in danger because of loss of habitat, such as the C. elephantipes. The Cycas genus is one important for both evolutionary and commercial interest. In that, its status is not likely to change. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KS-Cycas.wps