Water Pollution and Acid Rain Deposition in Victoria, British Columbia
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This 18 page paper provides an introduction to the issue of water pollution and water quality in Victoria, British Columbia, and determines the nature of the issue and possible ways of addressing the problem. This paper takes an active or process oriented view of the problem, and defines the importance of the issue in the future. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: MHwatpo_.wps

The Changing Technology in the Oil Industry
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This 12 page paper looks at the oil industry during the twentieth century and the way in which advances in technology have changed caused changes. The paper covers topics such as deep sea drilling, the use of computer and satellites and the speed of change. The bibliography cites 9 sources.
Filename: TEoildev.wps

Earth Sciences Lesson Plans
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This 8 page paper provides an overview of 4 lesson plans of specific elements relative to Earth sciences. These lesson plans include plans on air and the weather; water, surface, & subsurface; origin, composition, & structure of soil & rocks; and concepts of life related to environmental science. Each lesson plan includes a specific experiment to help students in the 4th grade understand the principles offered in the lesson. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHweathe.wps

Versatile Limestone
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A 5 page paper discussing the origins and chemical composition of this sedimentary rock used in so many diverse applications even today. For the soil as well as the sulfur-emitting furnace, limestone is applied as small particles no larger than good-sized dust particles, often the result of quarrying activities. Calcium, the primary component of limestone, is our 'miracle mineral' adding stability to buildings, enhancing soil fertility and strengthening our own human infrastructure. And it still can be as beautiful as the finely-veined marble with which Michelangelo sculpted. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Limeston.wps

The Tidal South
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A 5 page overview of the geographical, ecological, and cultural feature of the Coastal South which have been shaped to a large extent by the oceans themselves. Emphasizes the changing nature of these features and how man is dependent on nature. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPcoast.wps

Influence of Geology on Human Civilization
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A 5 page research paper that examines how geology has been a powerful influence on human civilization. The writer argues that geology is the prime consideration that controls where human civilization can exist, for how long, and what activities it might be engaged in relative to land use. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: 90geoin.rtf

Scientific Societies Of The Enlightenment
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5 pages in length. The Enlightenment was one of the central tasks where the major thinkers and scientific societies of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries established themselves. What this means in terms of the manner in which philosophers and scientists looked at the broader scope of existence lies within the works produced during that period. Having both embraced and critiqued the Enlightenment, the scientific societies recognized it as a time in which all of mankind could break free from the confines of what had heretofore been accepted as a universal recognition of existence; with each individual following in the footsteps of those who went before, without any question as to why things were accomplished in any certain order, the time for the Enlightenment symbolized the chance to break free from such scientific constraints. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCscien.wps

Problems of Fossil Fuels and the Advantages of Solar Energy
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This 20 page report discusses the technological dependency of the industrialized world on fossil fuels and the ways in which those fuels have steadily degraded the Earth’s environment. The general public’s concern about the environment, the multiple efforts of environmental activists, along with fresh ways of thinking by scientists and resource managers, has led to a new philosophy regarding the handling of the unique natural properties of living on Earth. This philosophy says that humanity has the capability to manage resources to sustain a full array of values and uses through a broader understanding of the ecosystems they inhabit. One of the most valuable and environmentally-friendly sources of energy is solar power. Information regarding solar energy is also presented. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: BWadtech.wps

Evolution and Creationism
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A 16 page paper discussing the strengths and weakness of the views of the creationists and the evolutionists. While evolutionists present a single group, creationists come adhering to all manner of ideas and theories. The most vocal group are the young-earth creationists, who maintain the earth likely is 6,000 years old and certainly no more than 10,000. Regardless of the unwillingness of this group to accept evolutionary theory as plausible or even as fact, there are other creationist groups who do, who even embrace evolution as a sign of God's involvement in progressive creation. The paper examines each side's strengths, weaknesses, conflicts and evidence. Bibliography lists 16 sources.
Filename: KSevolution15.wps

Sedimentary Strata as Diaries of Environmental Change
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This 4 page paper provides an overview of the process of creation of sedimentary strata and the impacts in assessing environmental events of the past. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHSedSec.rtf

"The Demon Haunted World" by Carl Sagan
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A 7 page paper which provides a summary and response to Carl Sagan's book "The Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark." No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAsagan.rtf

"The History and Mystery of Lightening"
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A 3 page review of the online article by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This paper outlines the article's content, presents several points of criticism, and concludes with suggestions for improvement. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPlightening.rtf

20th Century Knowledge -- Revolution or Evolution?
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This 5 page report discusses technological and intellectual advances that have taken place in the 20th century and whether or not such an expansion of knowledge has been due to great new ideas suddenly appearing on the intellectual horizon or a technological evolution of ideas that has led to such commonplace realities as photocopy machines, personal computers, and jet travel. It is important to understand that the foundations of any enterprise determine the heights to which it can rise and the breadth to which it can expand. This writer takes the viewpoint that the advancement of knowledge over the past century has been evolutionary rather than revolutionary. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: BWknow20.wps

A Dialogue Between a Deep Ecologist and a Social Ecologist:
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This 4 page paper presents the "characters" of deep ecologist Sessions with social ecologist Guha, and is set-up as a dialogue between the two men. The purpose of the dialogue is to reveal through a series of questions and answers the basic ideologies of deep ecology and social ecology. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSDeepec.rtf

A “Smart” Cell Phone Antenna
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A 6 page paper discussing the development and use of the “smart” antenna as a method of reducing the level of radiation exposure resulting from cellular telephone use. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSeeCellAnt.rtf

Acid Rain: Impacts to Soil and Water
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A 6 page discussion of the impacts of acid rain. This paper details the chemical impacts to soil and water as well as to the physiological function of biological organisms. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPacidRC.rtf

Acritarch Radiation in The Neoproterozoic
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This page paper looks at the evolution of the acritarch as evidenced by the fossil record and seeks to explain the sudden changes that took place over a period of fifteen million years during the Neoproterozoic, which long lasting implications into the Cambrian period. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: TEacritar.rtf

Advances in GIS; The Literature of Paul A Longley
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This 8 page paper is a review of some of the publications by Paul Longley, who is a geographer that has contributed to the development of GIS. The bibliography cites 3 sources.
Filename: TEgispal.wps

Advances In The Science & Technology Of Earthquake Prediction & Protection
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A 5 page paper discussing scientific advancements in the prediction of earthquakes and the means by which technology can assist in minimizing earthquake damage. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Quakepro.wps

Agriculture and its Impact on Financial Institutions
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15 pages. Because of the uncertainty in the agricultural markets there is a definite impact on the lending institutions that service them. There are so many variables in the farming industry that there is no guarantee from year to year that agribusinesses will be able to keep up with loan payments if they have one or more years of losses in a row. There is currently widespread controversy among the agribusinesses and lending institutions on Capitol Hill as to how best to cope with the problem. One such solution would be to privatize lenders dealing with farm loans, and other solutions run the gamut from asking farm lenders to diversify their businesses to suggesting more emergency funding from the government. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that while farm lending can be a risky business it would serve no good purpose and would be unfair to other businesses for government emergency funding to be increased; lending institutions will need to work out ways to deal with the agribusiness risk. Bibliography lists 36 sources.
Filename: JGAagfin.wps

Air Quality, Ozone and Volatile Organic Compounds: An Instructional Project
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This 6 page paper provides an overview of an instructional project on the concepts of air quality, ozone and volatile organic compounds. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: MH5scien.rtf

Alpine Glaciation
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This 8 page paper provides an overview of the process of glaciation, especially alpine glaciation, though a comparison with various types of glaciation found in Yosemite and the Sierra Nevadas. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MHalpine.wps

American Museum of Natural History.
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(6pp). The Rose Center's permanent exhibits, detailing the size, scope and growth of the universe as well as the earth's place within it, were unveiled in February (2000) inside the new structure of steel and glass. The seven-story orb appears to hover next to the museum, and at night glows with a soft blue light. The center replaces the old Hayden Planetarium, a New York City landmark that introduced millions of city kids to the night sky between 1935 and 1997. Kids of all ages are still thrilled with the spectrum of choices: design and exhibits are spectacular.
Filename: BBamNMR.doc

An Exploration of Tsunamis
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A 5 page discussion of the factors that cause tsunamis. Recent theory attributes the majority of these natural disasters to the submarine slumps that occur as a result of seismic activity. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPtsunami2.rtf

Anders Celsius
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A 4 page discussion of the life and accomplishment of this eighteenth century Swedish astronomer. Celsius has many credits to his name. One of the most often remembered of these is the development of the Celsius temperature scale. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPcelsiu.rtf

Animals and Earthquakes
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7 pages. An interesting paper reporting on the connection between animals and earthquakes. Can animals actually predict earthquakes days before the fact? And if so, how? There are many reports of animals behaving strangely just days before a major earthquake which causes many scientists to believe that the animals can actually predict what is going to happen. If this is the case, an interesting question is raised: is there a way we could use animals’ abilities to give us early warning of earthquakes? Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAequke.wps

Animals by Design
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This 10 page paper discusses a new animal, the Sahara Cat, that has the ability to save human life. (The Sahara Cat does not really exist). Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: HVNewCat.rtf

Archaeological Dating Methods
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This 5 page paper discusses various methods that are used to date archaeological finds. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVArcheo.rtf

Archaeology, Traditional Cultures and Oral History
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This 14 page paper examines a number of works discussing archaeology, and argues that in general archaeologists tend to give more credence to cultures with literary traditions, rather than those that have strictly oral histories. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: HVArchae.rtf

Astrology; The Contribution of Johannes Kepler
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This 4 page paper examines the reforms that were proposed by Johannes Kepler during the sixteenth century and why he made these proposals that revolutionised the practice of astrology. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEastrkepler.rtf

Astronomical Research: Black Holes
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A 5 page paper which examines some recent articles dealing with researching black holes in the field of astronomy. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAastro.rtf

Astronomy Questions
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This 3 page paper answers some basic questions about astronomical matters. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVAstQst.rtf

Astronomy Research and Extraterrestrial Life
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A 4 page overview of man's quest for the discovery of extraterrestrial life. The author outlines some of the criteria that astronomers believe would be necessary for life to exist and emphasizes the importance of ongoing astronomical research. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPextrat.rtf

Avoiding the Worst Effects of a Tsunami
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A 3 page paper discussing the Indian Ocean tsunami. On December 26, 2004, two tectonic plates that have been opposing each other for millennia shifted under the earth’s surface, resulting in an earthquake under the Indian Ocean. The earthquake shook the earth enough to change time, albeit only by microseconds. The greater consequence was that the earthquake displaced an immense volume of water. The final result was that the tsunami created by the earthquake killed more than all 20th century tsunamis combined. There was no warning. There were, however, actions that people in the affected areas could take. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KStsunami.rtf

Baconianism and the Royal Society
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A paper which considers whether or not the Royal Society could be regarded as following Baconian scientific principles and the effect which Bacon had on scientific thought and methodology. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: JLbacon.rtf

Basic Observations in Astronomy
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A 10 page overview of some of the basic premises of astronomy. Outlines the Big Bang theory and provides a description of Venus, Mars, and the four Jovian planets (Saturn, Pluto, Uranus, and Jupiter) in relation to the Earth and Sun, speculating on such anomalies as Venus’ retrograde rotation. Outlines the methodologies and theories utilized by astronomers such as the Doppler Effect, Wien’s Law, Absorption Spectrum, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, and the Emission Spectrum. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPastron.wps

Biodiversity and Dendrochronology
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This 9 page paper explores the fields of biodiversity and dendrochronology, and how they explain the physical world. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: HVBioDen.rtf

Biodiversity:
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This 12 page paper explains biodversity and its importance. Furthermore, this paper examins current threats to species, discusses environmental justice, reviews the environmental problems in developing nations, and more. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSBiodiv.rtf

Biodiversity: What it is and Some of the Most Important Hotspots
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9 pages. The wealth of diverse biological life forms is almost beyond what the human mind can conceive. It is interesting to say the least knowing the diversity between one pinch of soil that can contain more than ten billion bacteria, up through to entire regions, or hotspots, that are rife with not only different species but also endangered species, from insects up to the largest of mammals. This paper will focus on some of these hotspots as well as further serve to explain what biodiversity is. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: JGAbiodv.rtf

Bitumen Macadam Using Crushed Concrete as Aggregate
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A 5 page paper discussing the use of recycled concrete in place of quarried stone and gravel in forming the mixture that will become roadbed pavement. Concrete as an aggregate is more promising now than before the introduction of the latest generation of bituminous binders. It cannot be used in all situations, but in many it offers greater suitability than even more conventional local materials. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSmacadam.wps

Black Holes
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An 8 page paper which describes black holes and examines their increased importance in astrophysics of the 20th and 21st centuries. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TGblakhole.rtf

Book Review of Elsner and Kara’s “Hurricanes of the North Atlantic: Climate and Society” (1999)
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This is a 5 page book review of James B. Elsner and A. Birol Kara’s text “Hurricanes of the North Atlantic: Climate and Society” (1999). James B. Elsner and A. Birol Kara’s text “Hurricanes of the North Atlantic: Climate and Society” (1999) is considered an extensive scientific text authored by two well established researchers in their areas of expertise. The book written by a professor of meteorology and geography at Florida State University and a contractor for the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory of NASA uses historical and scientific studies to assess the hurricane activity and consequences in the North Atlantic while providing the reader with prediction models, historical data sets, statistics and the “societal vulnerability to hurricanes”. Overall, Book News (1999) considers it “of likely interest to meteorologists, climatologists, and economists, as well as decision makers in government and industry”. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJHurri1.rtf

Cadmium and the Environment
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This 11 page paper provides an overview of cadmium, what it is, where it is found and how it affects the health of human beings. Some animal studies are cited which speculates about additional implications. Practical information is also given on how people can protect themselves from this natural menace. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: SA144cad.rtf

Carlsbad Caverns
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A 6 page paper that presents an overview of the geological and geographical structure of Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico. This paper recognizes the fragile states of this natural wonder, and presents and overview of the impact of the human element on the natural mineral structures created within the caves. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Carlsbad.wps

Catastrophism and the Extinction of the Dinosaurs
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An 8 page discussion of the events which resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs. Suggests that a meteoric impact with the earth set in motion a series of environmental events which ultimately translated into dinosaur extinction. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPdinoC2.wps