Centrifugal And Coriolis Forces
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A 5 page overview of the two forces and their interaction. Centrifugal force is that fictitious force that imparts a general feeling of weightlessness for astronauts and is also the force by which washing machines extract excess water from wet clothes. The Coriolis effect holds that an object which moves in a straight line above the surface of the Earth (and not parallel to the equator) will appear to curve because the Earth is turning under it. Together, both are important for space travel. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Coriolis.wps

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution
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A 10 page consideration of the theory of evolution and our current knowledge regarding the origin of life. Outlines Darwin's theories and the natural history information which led to those theories and provides a brief outline of the chemical basis for the origin of life. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPevolut.rtf

Chicago Archaeological Dig
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This 4 page paper discusses a theoretical archaeological dig in Chicago in 3007, and how the archaeologists might date the artifacts they find there. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVChiDig.rtf

Choosing Organic Foods
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This 5 page paper explores whether or not organic food is actually more nutritious than food produced in traditional ways, and finds that in general, it is not. It has an advantage because it’s not raised using pesticides; however, that is frequently offset by the long distances it is trucked to the consumer. The paper suggests that people who can afford to buy organic (it’s generally 50% more than traditional food) might like to do so because they feel better and believe they are helping the environment. There is some doubt if either is true, but the perception may be enough to bring about a change in reality. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVOrgFud.rtf

Clear-Cutting:
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This 3 page paper examines the issue of clear-cutting. More specifically, this paper addresses what it is, where it occurs, and the plethora of ramifications that it creates for society and the environment. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSClrcut.rtf

Climate Change
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This 5 page paper responds to some specific questions on climate change, incluidng what to do, the energy pyramid and its use and the role of Al Gore and the IPCC. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MHClimChanARch.rtf

Climate Change and Soil Formation in Southern England
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An 8 page paper which examines how climate changes have affected the formation of soil in southern England over the past million years. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: RAsoile.rtf

Climate Change and Weather Forecasting
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This 3 page paper provides an overview of the factors influencing climate change and weather forecasting, especially in relationship to the Earth's energy budget. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MHClimCha2.rtf

CLIMATE CHANGE, DIVERSITY, AND HOPE
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This 9page paper gives and in-depth look at the problems facing the planet and the decline of biodiversity. Examples given, solutions offered. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: MBearthope.rtf

Climate Changes, the Ice Ages and Future Climate Changes
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This 7 page paper with diagrams responds to a variety of topics related to climate change, the ice ages, and future climate predictions. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MHClimatICEAGE.rtf

Climate: What The Future May Hold
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3 pages in length. The marked difference between the ability to predict climate changes fifty years from now and doing the same in a five-day forecast is found in the way the environment has steadily degraded over the years. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCClimate.rtf

Color, Light and Time of Day
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A 4 page research paper that examines how the color of light and its perceived temperature appears to change throughout the day according to the position of the sun. The writer discusses this phenomenon in relation to showing this fact with photography. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khcoltod.rtf

Common Misconceptions Regarding Geography
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A 5 page paper which address three different misconceptions held by people in relationship to physical geography. As per the student's request, the opinions are provided by a famous individual, an acquaintance of this writer, and the writer themselves. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAgeogrph.wps

Comparative Planetology
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This 5 page paper discusses some of the properties of the Earth, as well as the characteristics of the planets that make up the solar system. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: HVComPln.rtf

Comparing Potting Soil to Starter Soil (Science Fair Project)
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This 3 page paper is a tutorial that may help a student create a science fair project. This one provides specific information on soil comparisons. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA707sci.rtf

Competitive displacement and bimodal distribution, and keystone species
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A paper which looks in detail at the bimodal distribution of species resulting from competitive displacement, and also explains the importance of keynote species in ecological/ environmental management. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: JLbimod.rtf

Cordillera Orogony: Mountain Formation
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A 7 page discussion of the processes which go into mountain formation. Defines cordillera orogony. Utilizes the Northern Highlands of Scotland as an example of the geologic process of plate tectonics which is responsible to a large degree for this phenomenon. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPmntFor.wps

Counterfactual History and the Development of Scientific Theory in Early Europe
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An 11 page exploration of the way society repressed scientific fact in Europe, between 1000 A.D and 1800 A.D. The toll this repression took was a delay in the development of muchmore advanced knowledge. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPsciCnt.rtf

Crawford Lake Geology and Climate Change
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A 7 page paper discussing the climate change that has occurred in the area of Crawford Lake, Ontario over the past 13,000 years, using the lithology of the lake as evidence. The paper discusses the records of oxygen isotope, calcium carbonate concentration and detritus layer as evidence for a moist climate followed by change to a dry, warm climate that once again was followed by a shift back to the climate of the present day. The paper is based on the research of Zicheng Yu, who has studied Crawford Lake extensively. Includes 3 figures, including a photograph of Crawford Lake core samples. Bibliography lists 5 sources. Core sample photograph contained separately in KSgeoCrawLkCore.rtf.
Filename: KSgeoCrawLk.rtf

DARWIN’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE SCIENCE OF EMOTION
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This 3 page paper discusses the basic perspectives of Darwin on the idea of emotions and expressions, then compares his ideas to those discoveries being made by scientists today. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBdarwin.rtf

Data for Assessing a Site to Hold Hazardous Waste
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This 10 page paper identified data sources that could be used to help identify a site suitable for storing hazardous waste. The paper identifies a range of data sources that will help identity characteristics of areas such as low population density, dry hard rock, near road and rail links and avoiding sites of special scientific interest or nature reserves. The bibliography sites 8 sources.
Filename: TEsitesearch.rtf

Death Valley National Park
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This 5 page report discusses Death Valley National Park’s landscape, geological structure, climate, and the creatures that survive there. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWdeathv.rtf

Definitions of Life
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This 5 page paper explores how "life" might be defined within scientific areas of biology, ornithology, anthropology, paleontology and geology. Branches of science may guide us, but ultimately each individual must answer that question of what is life, through either opinion or their own belief system, as well as acknowledge that "Life is continually adapting to changing environmental conditions." Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BBlife.doc.

Deforestation: Central America
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A 6 page paper which offers an examination of the deforestation that is taking place in Central America. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAdefrst.rtf

DENDROCHRONOLOGY AND THE FIELD OF QUATERNARY GEOLOGY
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This 5 page paper discusses the application of dendrochronology to the field of geology and paleogeology. Examples given, explanations offered. Bibliographpy lists 8 sources.
Filename: MBtrering.rtf

Desert Surfaces: A Process Based Analysis of Radiation, Heat, Precipitation, and Storage
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A 7 page overview of the processes which impact deserts. Summarizes geologic, climatological and biological processes which interplay to both shape desert environments and which are shaped by those environments. Outlines the importance of topography, substrate characteristics, precipitation, vegetative cover (both type and extent), radiation, and cloud cover in particular and concludes that each of these factors is interrelated with the other. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPdesert.wps

Desertification in the Sudan
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A paper which looks at the causes of desertification in the Sudan, and suggests national and international policies which might be implemented to address this issue. Bibliography lists 3 sources
Filename: JLdessud.rtf

Diamonds / Their Structure and Geologic Formation
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A 5 page overview of the gemstone known as a diamond. Includes information on diamond structure and geologic formation, including its presence in kimberlite formations. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Diamond.wps

Drilling Fluids
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This 9 page paper considers the different type if drilling fluids, including water-based fluids, oil-based fluids and mist gas air or foam fluids, where they are used, their properties, additives and control. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEdrillf.rtf

Dust Storms: How They Have Impacted The World's Health
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9 pages in length. The extent to which dust storms impact the world's health is both grand and far-reaching; that dry, desert and semi-arid rangelands represent the most significant regions where dust storms occur speaks to a tremendous number of people detrimentally affected by the natural occurrence. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCDustStrm.rtf

Earth and Mars
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A 6 page comparison of these two planets. This paper describes the physical origin of the planet and characteristics such as atmosphere, gravity, and temperature. The author comments on the possibility of life as it presents on Mars. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPastronErthMars.rtf

Earth's Defense Against Meteors
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This 6 page report discusses the options available to the governments of Earth if a meteor on a collision course was cited. Earth's atmosphere is literally besieged with as much as 50,000 tons of interplanetary rubble annually. There is a scientific consensus agrees that cosmic impacts have played a major role in Earth history and that they continue to pose a significant threat today. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: BWmeteor.wps

Earth: History And Comparison With Other Planets
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6 pages in length. The writer discusses earth's geological history and briefly compares it with the other solar planets. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TLCEarth.rtf

Earthquake Activity in the United States During the 19th and 20th Centuries
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An 8 page paper which examines the differences between earthquake activating in the 19th and the 20th centuries in the United States. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAearq.rtf

Earthquake Hazards And Effects
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6 pages in length. Of all the devastating natural disasters to impact mankind, earthquakes are perhaps the most detrimental due to their unannounced presence. Unlike tornadoes or fires that can be detected in advance – albeit with short notice – earthquakes provide no warning device; when they strike, they do so with a vengeance and without notice. As such, effects from earthquake activity (shaking ground) and subsequent consequences resulting from the violent movement (ground failure, tsunamis) present a number of unfavorable circumstances for those within the reach of the fault line. Thankfully, the combination of technological advancement and the implementation of hazard mitigation plans has given seismologists the ability to forewarn and prepare the public if only enough to take cover before disaster strikes. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCEarthQ.rtf

Earthquake: A Terrifying Force
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This 3 page paper describes what it’s like to experience an earthquake. It also briefly discusses plate tectonics
Filename: HVEquake.rtf

Earthquakes From Northridge and Whittier, Lessons to be Learned
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This 14-page-paper discusses the Northridge and the Whittier Narrows Earthquakes. It opens with a general discussion on earthquakes and their history. It moves into detailed discussions on the Northridge and Whittier Narrows quakes and then discusses the precautions one can take to stay safe when one hits. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: CWearthq.wps

Earthquakes & The New Madrid Fault
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An 8 page research paper that examines the most dangerous geological feature of the North American heartland. While most Americans think of California whenever the topic of earthquakes comes up, the residents of New Madrid, Missouri suffered through the worst series of quakes in the known history of North America during an eight-week period in the winter of 1811 to 1812. The three principal shocks have been determined to have had a magnitude of 8.0 or higher. Additionally, ten of the aftershocks reached or exceeded a magnitude of 6.0, and at least three may have reached 7.0. Scientists now believe that eyewitness stories of the Mississippi flowing backward, and waterfalls on the Mississippi are true. The writer discusses what is now known about what happened during this dramatic eight-week period. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Madridf.wps

Earthquakes / A Comprehensive Discussion
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A 9 page paper on earthquakes in which the writer explains their different classifications, the role of various seismic wave patterns & types, etc; Also discussed are causes, reasons for geographical distribution, and the effects of earthquakes at different proximities beginning with the meizoseismal area (most damaged region). A final section looks at some experimental and theoretical grounds for predicting earthquakes. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Quakes.wps

Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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A 5 page paper which provides an overview of various types of earthquakes. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAerqu.rtf

Earthquakes in New Jersey
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The possibility of earthquakes occurring in the New Jersey area is addressed in this 5 page paper. The history of quakes in the geographic location as well as a discussion on current seismologic theory is included. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Eqnj.wps

Earthquakes In New York
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The possibility of a major earthquake occurring in the New York area is addressed in this 7 page paper. The history of quakes in the area as well as a discussion on fault lines existing in the state's region is examined. A general discussion on the ineffectiveness of current seismological equipment is also included. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Earthny.wps

Earthquakes: San Francisco and Others
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A 5 page paper which discusses various aspects of the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAsanfranqk.wps

Ecology of Ohio
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This 4 page paper paper examines some of the plants, animals and organisms found in the region. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: HVEcolOH.rtf

Ecology of the Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Islands
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This is an 8 page paper discussing the ecology of the Hawaiian coral reefs. The Hawaiian Islands stretch for over 2,300 kilometers and also contain what are considered unique coral reefs because they are geologically younger than many other coral reefs, have no barrier reefs among the windward islands, and are also less diverse than many other coral reef ecosystems in the Pacific. Despite this however, the Hawaiian coral reefs ecology, divided into four zones based on the depth and distance from the shore, does have a diverse assortment of corals, plant life, invertebrates and fishes among larger species which live among the reefs. The ecology of the coral reefs in Hawaii is divided up into the reef flat zone (0-2 m from shore) which is most affected by terrestrial run-off and heavy wave impact; the reef bench zone (2-10 m) which has the largest diversity of coral, fish, invertebrate and plant species, the reef slope zone (10-30 m) in which finger coral is the dominant coral species; and the rubble zone (30-40 m) which is primarily coral fragments, rock and sand which provides a habitat for lobe and finger corals as well as sea cucumbers and an assortment of fish. Coral reefs in Hawaii provide a vast amount of revenue for the area at well over $250 million annually in the areas of commercial and recreational fishing and tourism. Like many of the coral reefs around the world however, the coral reefs in Hawaii are being damaged by a combination of natural and manmade events. Industrial, nutrient and fresh-water run-off kills the coral closest to the shore and allows for the spread of coral-killing algae after which recovery of the reef takes a great deal of time. In addition, increase in global water temperatures has led to coral bleaching which in some areas the reefs show little sign of recovery. Includes one page abstract. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJHwcor1.rtf