Ecology of the Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Islands
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This is an 8 page paper discussing the ecology of the Hawaiian coral reefs. The Hawaiian Islands stretch for over 2,300 kilometers and also contain what are considered unique coral reefs because they are geologically younger than many other coral reefs, have no barrier reefs among the windward islands, and are also less diverse than many other coral reef ecosystems in the Pacific. Despite this however, the Hawaiian coral reefs ecology, divided into four zones based on the depth and distance from the shore, does have a diverse assortment of corals, plant life, invertebrates and fishes among larger species which live among the reefs. The ecology of the coral reefs in Hawaii is divided up into the reef flat zone (0-2 m from shore) which is most affected by terrestrial run-off and heavy wave impact; the reef bench zone (2-10 m) which has the largest diversity of coral, fish, invertebrate and plant species, the reef slope zone (10-30 m) in which finger coral is the dominant coral species; and the rubble zone (30-40 m) which is primarily coral fragments, rock and sand which provides a habitat for lobe and finger corals as well as sea cucumbers and an assortment of fish. Coral reefs in Hawaii provide a vast amount of revenue for the area at well over $250 million annually in the areas of commercial and recreational fishing and tourism. Like many of the coral reefs around the world however, the coral reefs in Hawaii are being damaged by a combination of natural and manmade events. Industrial, nutrient and fresh-water run-off kills the coral closest to the shore and allows for the spread of coral-killing algae after which recovery of the reef takes a great deal of time. In addition, increase in global water temperatures has led to coral bleaching which in some areas the reefs show little sign of recovery. Includes one page abstract. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJHwcor1.rtf

Ecosystems: North and South.
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(5 pp). As we move into a new century we become more aware of how hard we were on the planet in the last one hundred years. This discussion examines the general criteria of an ecosystem, and then illustrates what an ecosystem is be describing one on a north facing slope and one on a south facing slope. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BBecoNS.doc

EL NINO AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
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This 5-page papers examines the El Nino event of 1997-1998, its causes and its impact on the environment.
Filename: MTelnino.rtf

EL NINO AND THE IMPACT ON HURRICANES
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This 5-page paper discusses El Nino and its potential impact on hurricanes and hurricane development. Also included is a discussion about El Nino's economic impact. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MTelnhur.rtf

Environmental Ethics
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7 pages. This research paper is a defense of the following thesis statement: J. Baird Callicott is correct to suggest that a significant moral distinction should be drawn between wild and domestic animals. This paper defends three of the author's arguments that support his thesis. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAeethc.rtf

Environmental Sciences
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A 9 page paper that discusses various aspects of environment sciences. Some of the history is discussed in relationship to research conducted long ago and academic history that has assisted in bringing the sciences closer together. A section discussing some of the more recent concerns is also included. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: RAecology.wps

Expansion of the Universe and Type Ia Supernovae
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This 5 page report discusses expansion of the universe and the impact of evidence presented through the analysis of an astronomical event has served, once again, to challenge the ways in which human beings understand the universe of which they are a part. Scientific evidence of the past several years have lead astronomers and other scientists to understand that the expansion of the universe is taking place at an ever-accelerating speed. Such a conclusion has been reached through the observation of Type Ia or, specifically, Type 1987a Supernova. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BWspnova.wps

Extra-Solar Planets
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A 12 page overview of extra-solar planets, those planets outside our own solar system which orbit around suns other than our Sun. Discusses the history of extra-solar planetary research providing the names and particulars of discoveries. Emphasizes the technological changes which are occurring which allow a constant refinement of astronomical theory regarding planet formation and behavior. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPastExP.wps

Family Interaction in Crises Related to Natural Disasters
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This 5 page report discusses family interactions and what takes place in family relationships when a natural disaster such as an earthquake occurs. Because the family is thought of as the basic unit of society and is acknowledged for the essential socio-economic functions that it performs, its place in dealing with the impact of a natural disaster such as an earthquake must be carefully considered. Family dynamics shift and a new set of coping skills replace them. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BWearthq.wps

FAMOUS NAMES IN ASTRONOMY/ MODERN ERA
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This 3 page paper gives an overview of Dr. Stephen Hawking, and Dr. Henry Norris Russell, two astronomers who have made significant contributions to their field in the modern era. Bibliographpy lists 2 sources.
Filename: MBastron.rtf

Fertilizing Woody Ornamentals
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This 5 page paper discusses fall fertilization programs for trees, shrubs and vines defined as woody ornamentals. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KTwdshrb.wps

Fictitious Archaeological Dig
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11 pages in length. The architectural layout and planning of this particular site reflects a decidedly communicative ideology, in that it represents the very cultural essence of its people. Embedded within this written ideology of the ruined city's structure is the greater conceptualization of education and expression. Without question, these interrelated aspects of communication appeared to be the cornerstone of this community's existence, indicating the very reason for its construction. In spite of the fact that the remains do no yield an interpretation of daily life, archaeologists have been able to gather enough information so as to understand the complexities surrounding a collection of semi-preserved writing implements located in the northeast corner. Regarding the social implications of such findings, researchers have found enough evidence to indicate that this site was a learning institution of some sort. Indeed, as many questions as these findings have been successful in addressing, there are many more left unanswered. It can readily be argued that the true and pointed intent of these educational and communicative remains indicate an extended grasp of language and expression. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCarcdg.wps

Fluid Dynamics / Pipe Flows :
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A 5 page paper discussing the basic aspects of laminar and turbulent pipe flows as related to fluid movement through channels. For all the diversity in mechanical and industrial systems in operation and in design phase today, they all have in common the incorporation of some application of fluid dynamics within them. Liquids and gases move according to the same fundamental principles, differing only in movement as affected by density, viscosity and chemical composition. The paper discusses boundary, stationary layer, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Pipeflow.wps

Fossils/Burgess Shale
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A 7 page research paper that examines the fascinating fossil record that was found in the Burgess Shale. Because the Burgess Shale fossils contain examples of soft-bodied animals, which is very rare, these fossils have been called a "window to the Cambrian period" of prehistory. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: 99shale.wps

Fred Hoyle's Contributions to Astronomy
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6 pages. It seems most of the scientific community has accepted the Big Bang Theory as the creation of the universe, but since that time Hoyle has always refused to follow that line, arguing that the Big Bang has not lived up to its early promise, and that his revised Steady State theory, that the universe has always existed, better fits the facts. This paper discusses the accomplishments and contributions to astronomy made by Fred Hoyle. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAhoyle.wps

Gemstone Enhancement
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A 5 page overview of the technologies and methodologies involved in the artificial enhancement of gemstones. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Gemstone.wps

Geographic Information Systems: Trail Placement In Forested Recreation Areas
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6 pages in length. The technological explosion of the latter twentieth century has rendered tremendous advancement in areas that were considered untouchable only a few decades ago. Clearly, the progress that has been achieved through technology is nothing short of astounding, inasmuch as there is no telling what may be waiting just around the next corner. One of the most beneficial technological developments that has been instrumental in assessing and addressing forestry issues is that of the Geographic Information System (GIS), an assemblage of computer hardware, software and geographic data created as a means by which to efficiently retrieve, store, renew, manipulate, scrutinize and display all types of geographically referenced information. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TLC_GIS.wps

Geographic Perspective on International Relations
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This 7 page paper discusses the impact of geography on international relations. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: HVGeoIR.rtf

Geographical Theories And Concepts
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9 pages in length. Understanding the spatial components of planet Earth encompasses myriad fields of knowledge; centuries' worth of study has provided the twenty-first century scientific community with the extensive scope it possesses. One of the most important fields from which this knowledge was gleaned is that of geography, a particular science that addresses everything associated with the earth's surface. Working upon the fundamental basis developed by researchers hundreds of years ago, contemporary geographical analysts have the benefits of knowing the planet's how's and why's as it relates to the developed world. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCGeoGl.rtf

Geologic Theories
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A 5 page comparison of the theories of catastrophism, neptunism, uniformitarianism and plutonism or volcanism. Describes the contentions of each and concludes that contemporary thought recognizes a combination of Neo-Catastrophism and uniformitarianism as being the most logical explanation of the forces which shaped the earth. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPgeoFrm.wps

Geological Rock Formation
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8 pages in length. Stratigraphy, the scientific study of geological history as devised by English engineer William Smith, came into existence some two hundred years ago. Smith's discovery of identical fossil-bearing rock located in vastly divergent areas of England made him realize that this was something much more than mere coincidence. Taking this knowledge and utilizing it to his benefit, the engineer created stratigraphic maps, which enabled him to "predict accurately the location of undiscovered coal beds" (Florida Museum of Natural History, 1997). Having discovered the same layers of rock and fossil formation existing in opposite locations helped Smith to determine just where hidden coal beds existed; learning that specific rocks layers were associated with coal beds, it became quite a simple task to find those that remained unrevealed. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCGeoRock.rtf

Geology Questions
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This 3 page paper answers some basic questions about geology and the earth's weather systems. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVGeoQst.rtf

Geomorphology
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This 7 page paper on geormorphology explains the scientific study of landforms and landscapes. The term geomorphology applies normally to the origins as well as the dynamic morphology (changing structure and form) of the earth's land surfaces, but it may also include the morphology of the seafloor as well as the analysis of extraterrestrial terrains. Sometimes included in the field of physical geography, geomorphology is in actuality the geological prospect of the visible landscape. This fascinating science has developed in two distinctive ways that should be integrated in order for the entire structure of the understanding of landscapes to emerge. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAgeomr.wps

Geotechnical Engineering
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A 5 page overview of the many applications of geotechnical engineering. This paper emphasizes that geotechnical engineers are not just important in planning developmental activities, they also provide a useful service in protecting and reclaiming sensitive ecological areas. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPgeoTec.rtf

Geothermal Power: An Alternative for the Future
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An 8 page overview of recent engineering developments in geothermal power. Stresses the incorporation of alternative fuel sources such as geothermal is imperative. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPgeothe.wps

GIS Questions
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This 6 page paper looks at four issues concerning Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The first part of the paper defines what is meant by GIS and looks at it's' components, the second part of the paper considers different sources of data for both vector and raster data. The third part of the paper considers the differences that will be seen in an object orientated database compared to a relational database. The last part of the paper discusses at the three types of projections used; cylindrical projection, azimuthal projection and conical projection. The bibliography cites 2 sources.
Filename: TEGISbase.rtf

Glaciology:
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This 17 page paper examines the various causes of glaciation. More specifically, possible causes such as astronomical, volcanic, solar constant change, plate tectonics and others are identified and explained in-depth. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: GSGlacir.rtf

Global Warming And Methane Hydrate
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A 4 page paper. The writer suggests that the exact location and time when global warming began cannot be determined but it does appear to have begun millennia ago, even prior to the industrial revolution. Recent research from drillings in Greenland suggest a new theory for past ice ages and warming trends. Data are reported when available. Both carbon dioxide and methane hydrate cause this greenhouse effect; this is discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGglvwhy.RTF

Global Warming: A Discussion of the Natural Processes Encapsulated by the Milankovitch Theory and the More Deleterious Manmade Influences
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A 10 page discussion of global warming as it is influenced by natural processes determined by the earth's rotation around the sun, natural processes encapsulated by the theories of Serbian astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch. The author of this paper asserts that the actions of those natural processes have been added to by pollution and activities such as deforestation. The result is an escalated scenario of global warming, a scenario with potentially disastrous results. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPglblW2.rtf

Gravity, The Universe And Big Bang
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10 pages in length. The writer discusses the contributions of such scientific pioneers as Hawking, Einstein, Ptolemy, Copernicus and Kepler. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: TLCGravity.rtf

Gregory Bateson: Steps to an Ecology of Mind
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This 5 page paper gives a brief biography of Gregory Bateson and reviews his book, “Steps to an Ecology of Mind.” Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVBatesn.rtf

Groundwater Management
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4 pages in length. The writer is a consultant for water usage in Texas. Explores the possibilities to conserve the natural water resources in view of the fact that the area is rapidly growing in population. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JGAgeogr.wps

Harmony: Darwin and Genesis
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A 4 page paper which examines the theme of harmony in Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species: Chapter IV Natural Selection” and Chapter 1 of Genesis in the Bible. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAharmy2.rtf

Heat Transfer Mechanisms; Conduction, Convection and Radiation
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This 6 page paper examines heat transference mechanisms. The paper stars with a good overview of how heat is transferred and the equation for heat transfer rates. Following this the three different mechanisms; conduction, convection and radiation are each examined. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEheattran.rtf

Heating Loads and Hydronic Systems
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A 5 page paper discussing the benefits of boiler-based heating systems for various types of heat loads. In years past, the boiler system was considered to be most useful in only large commercial applications, but it quickly is becoming standard in residential and light industrial use as well. The paper discusses some of the theoretical (i.e., Newtonian) underpinnings of hydronic operation as well as the fluid mechanics aspects. No equations. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSheatLoads.rtf

High Pressure Silica Minerals: Coesite and Stishovite
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A 5 page paper discussing these rare forms of silica. Generally only found in areas where quartz rocks have been subjected to extremely high pressure such as in Arizona's Meteor Crater, stishovite was first discovered in sandstone that had been converted to glass as a result of the impact of the meteor. While both are silica, coesite's structure is that of tetrahedrons; stishovite is constructed of octahedrons with oxygen. Stishovite is the densest known form of silica and also the hardest known oxide; both begin to degrade in the absence of high pressure. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Coestis.wps

History of the Lake Metroparks in Northeastern Ohio
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A 12 page paper which examines the history, and geological history, of the Lake Metroparks in Northeastern Ohio. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAohio.rtf

Holes in the Floor of Heaven - The Ozone Layer Issue
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A 5 page paper that examines the environmental problem of the depletion of the ozone layer. The opposing views of this issue are discussed, along with the initial goals and objectives set by the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and the present lapse in the fulfillment of those goals and objectives. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: LCozone.doc

Human Habitation and Geological Disasters
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A 10 page research paper on flood, earthquake, and volcano destruction of human civilizations. The writer details the causes of such disasters and famous instances including Vesuvius, Krakatoa, New Madrid, San Francisco, and the great Mississippi floods of 1993. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Volcano.wps

Human Influence on Mono Lake
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A 5 page paper reviewing the human component of the natural history of California’s Mono Lake, and the restoration requirements that have been in place since 1998. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSmonoLake.rtf

Hurricanes: A Description of this Climatic Phenomenon and a Guide for Preparedness
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A 5 page outline of the many considerations which surround hurricanes. Hurricanes present one of the most catastrophic of all natural disasters. Their development and maturation offers a fascinating climatologic study, a study which is intensified when one realizes the damage to life and property which can result with their advent. Climatologists are constantly seeking to better the techniques which they can use to sense the development of these storms and to track their path from their point of origin to landfall. Accurately predicting the course of these storms and providing adequate warning to those in the area of their potential swath is critical to saving both lives and property, as is proper personal and regional preparations for these devastating events. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhurrc2.wps

Hydrology Questions
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A 10 page paper answering 9 questions addressing topics including design storm; Richards and Green and Ampt infiltration models; baseflow separation; hydrograph analysis; subbasins; and flood routing. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: KShydroQu.rtf

Hydrothermal Vents in the Ocean Floor
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A 9 page overview of this recently discovered geologic phenomena. This paper provides a description of hydrothermal vents as well as a detailed overview of their geology and the biology which they drive. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPocnVnt.rtf

Ignimbrite Formations in North America
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A 10 page paper which examines the various Ignimbrite Formations in the Western portion of North America. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: RAignim.rtf

In Search of Planet Vulcan
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This 7 page paper discusses the search for the planet Vulcan, which at one time was thought to orbit between Mercury and the Sun. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVPlVlcn.rtf