Turfgrass Insect Management
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A 5 page paper with an emphasis on Wyoming. The essay identifies some of the pests that may attack turfgrass and how they are usually controlled. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PGtrfin.RTF

Using Geographic Information Systems for Wildlife Conservation
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A 10 page paper which discusses Geographic Information Systems technology and illustrates how it can be used for wildlife conservation. The paper discusses the general uses of GIS and clearly indicates its usefulness in the field of wildlife conservation. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: RAgiswild.wps

Venus Transits The Sun
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A 4 page paper. An important astronomical event will occur on June 8, 2004 – Venus will transit the sun. This event occurs only four times every 243 years. Headlines announce it is a once-in-a-lifetime event since it will be another 122 years before it happens again. This essay explains what will happen, from where it will be visible, the duration of the event and the mathematical formula for calculating the next time and its importance to scientists. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGvenus.rtf

Virtual Geology Field Trip
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3 pages in length. Taking a virtual tour of North Fork of the Nooksack River, the student will find many interesting occurrences that have taken place in the area, not the least of which is the Church Mountain Landslide and the development of Twin Lakes. No bibliography.
Filename: TLCVirtFldTr.rtf

Volcanic Activity on Io
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This 5 page paper considers the fourth moon of Jupiter. The moon is the most volcanically active planet in the solar system, the paper gives general back ground to this planet and discusses the reasons for the high levels of volcanic activity. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEiomoon.wps

Volcanoes and the Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
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This 4 page paper investigates volcanoes and the causes and effects of volcanic eruptions. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: HVVolcno.rtf

Water Scaricity Should Lead to Agricultural Priorities:
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This 5 page paper discusses water scarcity, and how water should be reserved for agricultural needs primarily as opposed to urban centers in these situations. This paper uses California as an example, as well as other global locations to show the need for making agriculture a priority. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: GSWaters.rtf

Weathering Formation of Clay Soils
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A 3 page paper discussing the aluminum and silicon content of several rock-forming minerals and assessing factors contributing to weathering into kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite or vermiculite clay types based on silicon and aluminum content. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSrockWthr.rtf

Wetlands Restoration in Wisconsin
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This 5 page report discusses the fact that state officials in Wisconsin are well aware that wetlands have important value in both ecological and hydrologic terms. Wetlands furnish fundamental habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals and also improve overall water quality through trapping sediment, lowering nutrients and reducing contaminants. Unique legislation in Wisconsin has been enacted to assure that wetlands are both restored and protected. In addition, the report considers the importance of water quality as well as habitat maintenance in the restoration process. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWwiswet.rtf

What is Sustainability?
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5 pages in length. In light of the fact that the world's population continues to explode, thus requiring more and more room and resources in which to appease the earth's inhabitants, the environment is facing continued degradation. The time has come for a drastic change in thinking with regard to the current environmental crisis. It has become necessary for the world to think of the economy and ecosystem as one, altogether forfeiting the idea of economic gain at the environment's expense. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JGAsustn.wps

Why California Won’t Fall into the Ocean
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This 3 page paper explains why California will not fall into the Pacific, though it will continue to experience earthquakes. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVNoFall.rtf

Why Nature's Goods and Services can't be Priced
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8 pages. A discussion on why a monetary value cannot be placed on nature's ecosystems. A price would be unable to reflect the true market value and could not benefit the consumer or the public interest in the same way that it benefits nature. This paper discusses the role played by nature's ecosystems and why this is of intangible value. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JAnature.rtf

Wildfire Prevention
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A 4 page paper addressing safety aspects of preventing wildfires. Despite efforts to control the outbreak of wildfires, the fact remains that severity of wildfires is increasing. Forty years ago, a 1,000-acre fire was classified as serious. Now, crews may leave those to burn as they address more serious, much larger fires. Informed use of the natural forest cycle can serve to reduce the severity of unplanned fires, approximating what formerly was a natural cycle before introducing people and property to the mix. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSecoWildfire.rtf

Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming.
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(5 pp) In 1906, Mina Fleming was the first American woman elected to the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1907 she published a study of 222 variable stars she had discovered. A British astronomer made the following observation: "Many astronomers are deservedly proud to have discovered one...the discovery of 222...is an achievement bordering on the marvelous!" Bibliography lists 5 sources 1 visual.
Filename: BBflmngR.doc

World-Changing Science
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A 3 page paper discussing paradigm-changing contributors such as Max Planck, William Thomson and C.F. Mirbel, and how their scientific findings have benefited society as a whole. Planck’s quantum theory, Thomson’s thermodynamics and Mirbel’s founding of cell biology all continue to affect life and science today. The collective work of these and many others have brought us to a point where we can begin to gain an understanding of how much we still do not know, while benefiting society in the meantime. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSsciHist2.rtf

“A Sand County Almanac”
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A five page paper which gives an account of Aldo Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac, looking at his perception of the relationship of human beings to the ecological web, the ways in which civilisation is destroying the wilderness areas of America, and the importance of adapting ethical structures to encompass respect for the land as well as human society. Bibliography lists 1 source
Filename: JLsandcounty.wps

“Around the World in Eighty Days” and Examples of the National Geography Standards
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This is an 11 page paper discussing “Around the World in Eighty Days” in regards to the National Geography Standards. When Jules Verne wrote “Around the World in Eighty Days” (1873), the world seemed a much larger place and was just beginning to become more easily circumnavigated in a relatively short time because of the technological advances. Using the National Geography Standards comprised of six essential elements which make up the eighteen standards, it is useful to note that the elements can be identified within Verne’s work. Verne wrote an adventure fantasy story well over a century ago but was able to convey many of the essential elements used in the geographical standards and descriptions still used today. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: TJJules1.rtf

“Earthquakes in Salvador and Seattle”
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A six page paper which compares the recent earthquakes in Salvador and Seattle, in terms of the resultant damage, collateral effects on the economy, and the measures which the respective countries had previously taken to alleviate the potential impact of natural disasters. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JLearthquakes.wps

“Kankakee Basin Projects”
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A five page paper which looks at the problems of water supply in the Kankakee basin region, in terms of the effect of pollution on local aquifers, the way in which dredging of the local marshlands has caused erosion and flooding, and the various projects which are being undertaken to restore the structure of the marshlands and thereby improve both the local ecological environment and the community. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: JLKan.rtf

“Landscape architecture and geographical concepts”
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A five page paper which looks at the way in which landscape architecture has developed, how it comprises elements of the physical environment as well as socio-cultural factors, and how geographical concepts can be used to demonstrate and account for conflicts and events through dynamic mapping. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JLgeog.wps

“Life’s Far-Flung Raw Materials” Scientific American, July 1999
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This 5 page report reviews the article published in the July, 1999, issue of Scientific American entitled “Life’s Far-Flung Raw Materials” by Max P. Bernstein, Scott A. Sandford and Louis J. Allamandola. The article considers the idea that life on Earth may owe its start to carbon-rich molecules that once floated in interstellar clouds, then fell to the early earth with comets and meteorites. As the planet cooled, the organics may have linked into amino acids and proteins. Bibliography lists one source (included).
Filename: BWsciam.wps

“Our Cosmic Habitat” by Martin Rees
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A 5 page book report on this examination of the cosmos first published in 2001. No additional sources are used.
Filename: TGcoshab.rtf

“Physical geography and human societies”
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A paper which considers the importance of particular geographical features and phenomena in relation to the way in which human beings interact with the environment, and the importance of geography as a scientific and sociological discipline in terms of the way it allows the study of social change in reference to the physical environment. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: JL2Geog.rtf