Role Of Women: Renaissance And Today
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5 pages in length. Throughout the renaissance, patriarchy was responsible for designing women’s role in society; many of these devices used in earlier centuries were related to religion. Certain scripture regularly challenged women to disprove that they were inferior—to not agree was heresy. When religion did not work alone, scientific theory was included as a factor in the equation that supported the ideal that women are inferior. Based on a conviction of inferiority, male authorities were then able to design lifestyles for women, including approved activities, mannerism, education, sexuality and religious pursuits. Contemporary society, however, has witnessed a metamorphosis of gender oppression, clearly demonstrated through popular culture. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCrensa.wps

WOMEN IN PRISON
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This 6 page essay deals with a small part of the prison population -- women behind bars. The paper discusses the problems facing women prisoners, and also describes why women end up in prison (as well as their characteristics). The main theme is that the focus on women prisoners is more toward domestication, rather than rehabilitation. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MTwompri.rtf

Depictions of Women in the 16th and 17th Century: German and China
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A 5 page paper which compares and contrasts how women were depicted and treated in two particular works. The works are 'Burgermeister's Daughter' by Steven Ozment and 'The Death of Woman Wang' by Jonathan Spence. Ozment's book deals with Germany and Spence's book deals with China. Both are essentially illustrations of life for women during the 16th and 17th century within Germany and China. Through the comparison and contrast we find that women in Germany had a great deal more power and control over their lives than did women in China. Bibliography lists 4 additional sources.
Filename: RAburgerms.wps

Changes in the Roles of Women in Africa
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This 5 page report discusses the various changes in the status of women and women's roles in Africa through pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial times. The entire issue of gender and gender roles serves as just one more example of the depth of complexity of any issue related to Africa, whether in terms of history or the modern Africa. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BWgenAF.rtf

The Depiction Of Women In Prime Time Television Situations Comedies: Conflicting Stereotypes, Views And Messages
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Since the 1960s, women have been portrayed on television in a number of different ways, from brash and empowered heroines of shows like 'The Avengers' to demure and careful familial serial depiction. More than any other decade since the advent of television, though, the 1990s have marked definitive trends in the representations of women that are perhaps the most offensive in television history. This 8 page paper considers the issue of the depiction of women on television, particularly women in television situation comedies, and considers the implications for a societal view of women. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Womentv.rtf

Gender Differences In Internet Usage & Computer Phobia
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Fear of computers is deemed as the main reason women avoid the internet in this 6 page paper on gender differences. Statistics reveal that more men are using the internet as society encourages males to pursue the sciences, while discouraging females. Solutions to the problem are explored. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Compgend.wps

Women and the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man'
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An 11 page paper discussing changes in women's conditions over the 19th and 20th centuries from the perspective of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789). In contrast to the conditions that existed before the Declaration was issued, it can be said that its points have been fulfilled. The position that women now occupy is vastly improved over that of prior generations, even though contemporary struggles would mask the gains that have been made. As written, the Declaration's goals have been achieved. As interpreted in light of the philosophers under whose influence the Declaration was written, there is still much more ground to gain - not in terms of technicalities, but rather in attitudes. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: KS19thWomen.wps

Ancient Worlds, Ancient Worship & The Age of Aquarius
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A 5 page paper that posits the thesis that religion exists within a cycle of change and that the new millennium may mark the shift of beliefs back to ancient traditions, moving from a male-dominated theology back to a female-dominated 'thealogy'. Included are an examination of the religions and societies of both ancient Israel and the ancient Near East along with a comparison of both with contemporary religion and society. Also discussed is the nature of psalms and songs and their place in the daily lives and worship practices of ancient Israel. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: LCAge.doc

Gender Identity Disorder
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5 pages in length. Paper analyzes theories concerning the disorder, its development, occurrence, patterns, and relevance to homosexuality / sexual dysfunction. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Genderid.wps

Communications / Gender Similarities
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A 10 page research example on gender differences in communication. The writer develops a thesis based on studies in nonverbal communications, gender differences, demand-withdrawal, and other studies and commentaries that support the idea that the reported differences are in fact false. Even research geared toward gender differences has been inconclusive, and it is apparent in social interactions that there are more similarities than differences. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: Gendsim.wps

Nonverbal Communication and Gender Differences
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A 12 page paper that provides an overview of nonverbal communication and considers it in terms of the way both men and women encode and decode these messages. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Verbgend.wps

Some Reflections Upon Marriage
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5 pages in length. The concept that men are entitled to inherent privileges in marriage, while women have to earn their place in the same state of matrimony, is the clear implication in Mary Astell's "Some Reflections Upon Marriage." Asserting feminist views about the vast differences between the roles men and women play in relationships, Astell contends that the fairer sex has routinely been victimized by society merely because of gender; that women are lesser human beings in any respect is a concept foreign to the author's forward thinking structure. The writer discusses the concepts of marriage, roles and feminism as they relate to the essay. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Refmar.wps

Gender Equality: Boundless Possibilities?
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Gender Equality: Boundless Possibilities? (5 pp) When we talk about 'gender equality,' it is likely that three elements will surface: the first will be wishful thinking, the second a sense of frustration, and the third, and probably the most important, and often the slowest to arrive, will be a mutual or shared sense of humor. From the viewpoint of this writer, the last element of humor is essential, for why would you choose to consider spending time with a person that did not help, or remind you to laugh? Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: BBgndreq.rtf

Communications / Marital, Gender Differences
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A 10 page research example on gender differences in communication in martial relationships. The writer develops a thesis based on dual-gender differences, demand-withdrawal, and the differences in these theories between normal and abusive relationships, and presents in study method form. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: Womeng.rtf

Gender Behavior.
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A 7-page research example on gender differences. The writer develops a thesis based on studies in communication between men and women and posits that men tend to act aggressively and are less emotionally attached than women. Bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: Cnmenwmn.wps

Variations Between Male and Female Gangs
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Gender differences are noted between 'boy gangs' and 'girl gangs' in this 11 page analysis which explores gang culture in America. Motivation and degree of violence are two factors where differences were apparent. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Gangvar.wps

Purpose and Femininity
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A 5 page paper discussing man’s "oppression" of women based on examples given in three feminist articles. One of those articles describes Georgia O’Keeffe’s disdain of the men who fail to see her paintings of flowers as she sees them. In O’Keeffe’s view, the fault lies with the men, rather than with the artist’s ability to cause her audience to see her flowers from her point of view. The paper labels that failure as lying with the artist, rather than with the audience, and extrapolates O’Keeffe’s experience to corporate America, where the failure of some women to rise to senior management levels is blamed on the glass ceiling, rather than the inherent abilities of the women that have been passed over. Sympathy exists, but only where it is deserved. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Purpfem.wps

Date Rape
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A 7 page paper which discusses the occurrence of date rape and presents an intervention involving education as a possible solution to the problem. Too often the reason for date rape is inability to communicate so that the other understands. Currently, the methods approached primarily address what the woman can do to prevent date rape, and rarely do we see the men approached or taught about date rape and their responsibility. The intervention addresses group talks which will enable men and women in colleges to better learn to communicate and understand the implications and the seriousness of date rape. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAdaterpe.wps

Cross Cultural Problem Solving: The Homemaker in the Feminist Culture
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Cross Cultural Problem Solving: The Homemaker in the Feminist Culture A 5 page discussion of the problems which can result between women when a clash between feminism and traditionalism surfaces. The author observes that in actuality two distinctive cultures have emerged among women as a whole. The author emphasizes that problems in cross cultural problem solving are aided by maintaining a sensitivity to other individuals feelings and perceptions and coming to the realization that there is no clear cut wrong or right in regard to a woman’s appropriate place in society. Bibliography lists 2 sources. PPfemPrb.rtf
Filename: PPfemPrb.rtf

Boys vs. Girls / Differences In Coaching
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8 pages in length. The differences between boys and girls are prevalent in various aspects of life, but none are so apparent as in competitive sports. In order to utilize a player's talent to the best of his or her ability, coaches must take these inherent distinctions into consideration. The writer addresses such diversities among teenage girls and boys, as well as discusses scientific reasons for the differences. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Boygirl.wps

Cross Gender Coaching
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This 6 page argument takes the position that female coaches should not be hired for male teams. Reasons given include the use of Bandura's theory of self-efficacy which is illustrated with an example from the 1998 Winter Olympic games. Also included is a discussion of the psychological impact of locker room activity as well as statistics regarding the decline in the availability of female coaches. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Fecoach.wps

Sexual Harassment: A Case History
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A 5 page outline of a case of sexual harassment which reached the Supreme Court. Explores the issue of whether this harassment constituted sexual discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Discusses the responsibility of the victim for reporting the incident and the responsibility of the employer for preventing it. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPsexHa2.wps

Women’s Education and Employment in Britain, 1850-1980
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This 11 page report discusses the history of women’s education and employment in Great Britain from 1850 to 1980. Of special note in the paper are the reasons attitudes regarding married women working outside the home changed from 1914 to 1980. Not surprisingly, key factors such as war, economic necessity, social class, and the advent of the Industrial Age all influenced virtually all of those changes. Bibliography lists 20 sources.
Filename: BWwoemp.rtf

Gender Bias
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A 6 page paper that discusses gender bias against women in a male-dominated culture. Stereotypical behaviors are learned early in life and are perpetuated throughout life in media depictions of women. The comments of three feminist authors are integrated: Sandra Lee Bartky, Sandra Lipsitz Bem, and Catharine A. MacKinnon. The writer also addresses the need for women to take responsibility to change their own environment. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PGwomn.rtf

Gender Biased Language
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6 pages in length. This paper reviews three articles on the title subject and analyzes each article. There are people who use language that would be considered biased in use. The question that is raised is this: Is the language a cause of the bias or is the bias a cause of the language used? Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAlingu.wps

The 'Smurfette Principle' & Today's Gender-Biased Media
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Nearly three decades after the 'Feminist Movement' and the initiation of the Equal Rights Amendment, much of the entertainment media is still reflecting lower-level roles, even subordinate roles for women. This 4 page essay explores 'The Smurfette Principle' in terms of various preschool television shows. The similarity of today's storylines to those of 25 and more years ago is astounding. . . a rather incredible fact in light of the feminist movement. Gender bias is alive and well in entertainment media. No bibliography.
Filename: Smurfett.wps

Critique of Western Feminist Representation
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A 7 page paper that discusses the argument between feminists on the issue of 'third world' representation of women. The paper focuses upon theories presented by Abu-Lughod, Mahanty, Russo and Torres, and also looks at Bell Hooks' theory that feminists must interact with the women they study in order to get a true understanding of the applicability of theory. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Femcrit.wps

The Struggle To Reshape Thinking About Gender
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A 7 page paper that discusses the need to act on feminist theory, and posits that feminist anthropologists move out of the ivory tower and into action. The writer includes discussion around views of feminist anthropological theory postulated by writers such as Naomi Wolf, Marilyn Strathern, Pat Caplan, and bell hooks. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Femgen.wps

Bell’s “Daughters of the Dreaming” / Gender Parity
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A 5 page paper on this controversial book by American anthropologist Diane Bell. The paper argues that Bell evocatively renders the importance of ritual and myth in the lives of aboriginal women, but overstresses the importance of their achieving social parity with tribal men. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Gendpar.wps

Gender & The New Age of Technology
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A 5 page paper discussing gender in a computer world. The world has come quite a distance in the past century in relationship to technology as well as to gender issues but both are destined to continue to change. The advances which are prevalent in the world of communications and computers should likely be used as an incentive to overcome prejudices attached to gender differences. Differences which are unavoidable. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Gendtech.wps

Gender Gap
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Female Students Are Not Getting the Academic Assistance that Male Students Get: In 5 pages the author discusses the issue of female students not getting the academic assistance that male students get. "The gender gap is alive and well at the end of the 20th century. Female students are not getting the assistance that male students are getting. Male students are now, and have always been given the most attention in the academic setting. Academic programs are set up to favor the male gender. Education should be non-gender biased." Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Gendgap.wps

Gender Roles in Society
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This 5 page paper explores several sociological theories in terms of how society has been ordered to render the male the dominant sex. Feminist ideology is explored as well. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Gndrole.wps

"Fasting Girls: The Emerging Ideal Of Slenderness In American Culture": Overview
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4 pages in length. Modern diets of teenage girls reflect the significant pressures placed upon impressionable adolescents. Whether the influence is that of popular culture, athletics or peer pressure, young girls are faced with conflicting information when it comes to how society perceives attractiveness. Joan Jacobs Brumberg's article entitled "Fasting Girls: The Emerging Ideal of Slenderness in American Culture" delves deeply into the reasons why American popular culture has such a stranglehold upon the way in which girls view themselves and the drastic actions they take in order to portray the image of slenderness. Much of the issues with body image and self-esteem manifest themselves in eating disorders, a particularly pertinent concern with impressionable adolescents. Eating disorders, such as bingeing, purging and fasting, are as much a part of adolescent life as Friday night pizza parties and football games. Adolescent females, in particular, are significantly more susceptible because they are keenly aware of their physical appearance, which is oftentimes distorted by an unbalanced self-esteem. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCFstng.rtf

"Gender Stereotyping in the English Language" By Laurel Richardson
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A 5 page summary overview of the article, along with critical commentary on the author's findings. No additional sources are used.
Filename: TGgentyp.wps

"Men and Women of the Corporation"
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A 5 page overview of the problems confronting women in the workplace. Emphasizing the work presented by Rosabeth Moss Kanter in her book "Men and Women of the Corporation", the author of this paper examines the hierarchical relationship of the workplace and details how this relationship is determined to a large degree by gender. No other sources are listed.
Filename: PPgndCrp.rtf

"The Dragon's Village" Chen Yuan-tsung (1980)
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(14 pp.) A Chinese history scholar has written: "Most sympathetic observers of Chinese women have … concluded that a major obstacle on the road to furthering gender equality in China remains the task of overcoming women's long ingrained 'sense of inferiority ' in their new roles and their acceptance of subordination in light of a thousand years of cultural conditioning." This issue will be discussed in relationship to Chen Yuan-tsung's autobiography, The Dragon's Village (1980) Bibliography lists 1 sources.
Filename: BBchnwm.doc

"The Role of Women in Human Evolution"
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A 3 page review of author Margaret Ehrenberg's views on the emergence of gender roles in mankind's evolution. Published in editors Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent anthology titled "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective", this article questions the traditional anthropological explanation of women's role in evolution. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPGndClt.rtf

"Trumpet"
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A 6 page review of the novel by Jackie Kay. The novel features many of the elements of the life of a real American jazz musician, Billy Tipton. Like Tipton the main character of this book, Joss, led his life as a man yet upon his death it was discovered that he was in fact anatomically female. The author of this paper analyzes the reasons that might have prompted Joss to change his gender. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPtrumpt.rtf

'Learning Together'
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A 5 page paper which reviews the book 'Learning Together: A History of Coeducation in American Schools' by David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAlearnto.rtf

'Moll Flanders,' 'History Of Misella' And 'The Rambler': How The Role Of Women Shaped 18th Century London Society
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14 pages in length. There has rarely been a time in the history of mankind that women have not had to struggle in order to assert their worth as a gender. From the time when males first declared patriarchal authority over their female counterparts, women have fought – in various ways and with various results – to be treated both equitably and respectfully. Literature has long reflected this perpetual struggle between the genders, most often taking the side that support patriarchal control; however, a slow but steady change began occurring in eighteenth century London society that helped nurture a growing metamorphosis, which included Samuel Johnson 'Rambler' (Misella), Daniel Defoe's 'Moll Flanders' and Frances Burney's 'Evelina: Or, the History of a Young Lady's Entrance into the World.' Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: TLCMollF.rtf

'The Day I Learned to Recognize People Of The Opposite Sex As Equals'
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This 5 page essay recounts the fictional story of a boy discovering that girls could be 'real' people, too. He even discovers that they can do some things as well as he can . . . and better.
Filename: Equalsex.wps

2 Feminist Books/Domesticity
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A 10 page book review on 2 feminist history texts: A Voice of Their Own edited by Martha Solomon and The Politics of Domesticity by Barbara Epstein. The writer offers an overview of each text, including reviewers' evaluation, and also argues that the texts share a common theme in that both texts indicate the antagonism toward men felt by Victorian women. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: kh2femt.rtf

2 Views /Female Participation in Late 19th and Early 20th Century Politics
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A 10 page analysis in which the writer argues that Theda Skocpol in her book "Protecting Soldiers and Mothers," and also Kristi Andersen in her book "After Suffrage" address similar territory in that both of these political scientists look at how female participation in the American political process in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has largely been under-appreciated or ignored completely. Both of these authors demonstrate that this participation must be viewed within the context of political framework of their time in order to be understood properly. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: 99sk&an.wps

A BACKLASH AGAINST FEMINISM
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This 11 page paper discusses the backlash against feminism and the reasons why many women are now rejecting the movement. Bibliography lists 20 sources.
Filename: MBbklash.rtf

A Comparison of the Depictions of Women in "Medea" and "Wide Sargasso Sea"
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A 7 page overview of the female characters in the ancient work of literature by Euripides and the more modern work by Jean Rhys. The author contends that in each of these works the presentation of female characters runs counter to the audience's expectations. Literary conventions and audience expectations, values, and assumptions are challenged. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPlitWmn.rtf